1 00:00:35,670 --> 00:00:37,950 many of us expected this would be a 2 00:00:37,950 --> 00:00:37,960 many of us expected this would be a 3 00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:39,780 many of us expected this would be a mission of major discovery but none of 4 00:00:39,780 --> 00:00:39,790 mission of major discovery but none of 5 00:00:39,790 --> 00:00:41,580 mission of major discovery but none of us really expected the degree of 6 00:00:41,580 --> 00:00:41,590 us really expected the degree of 7 00:00:41,590 --> 00:00:43,680 us really expected the degree of discovery the degree of diversity which 8 00:00:43,680 --> 00:00:43,690 discovery the degree of diversity which 9 00:00:43,690 --> 00:00:46,049 discovery the degree of diversity which we found in the outer solar system we 10 00:00:46,049 --> 00:00:46,059 we found in the outer solar system we 11 00:00:46,059 --> 00:00:49,280 we found in the outer solar system we were lucky we had the unique opportunity 12 00:00:49,280 --> 00:00:49,290 were lucky we had the unique opportunity 13 00:00:49,290 --> 00:00:52,410 were lucky we had the unique opportunity to explore planets that man had never 14 00:00:52,410 --> 00:00:52,420 to explore planets that man had never 15 00:00:52,420 --> 00:00:55,890 to explore planets that man had never been to before but Voyager didn't only 16 00:00:55,890 --> 00:00:55,900 been to before but Voyager didn't only 17 00:00:55,900 --> 00:00:58,470 been to before but Voyager didn't only carry sophisticated instrumentation it 18 00:00:58,470 --> 00:00:58,480 carry sophisticated instrumentation it 19 00:00:58,480 --> 00:01:02,429 carry sophisticated instrumentation it carried the hearts and the minds of its 20 00:01:02,429 --> 00:01:02,439 carried the hearts and the minds of its 21 00:01:02,439 --> 00:01:06,210 carried the hearts and the minds of its creators and all of us who were 22 00:01:06,210 --> 00:01:06,220 creators and all of us who were 23 00:01:06,220 --> 00:01:10,109 creators and all of us who were privileged enough to see what it saw and 24 00:01:10,109 --> 00:01:10,119 privileged enough to see what it saw and 25 00:01:10,119 --> 00:01:13,289 privileged enough to see what it saw and it will be unique for a long time 26 00:01:13,289 --> 00:01:13,299 it will be unique for a long time 27 00:01:13,299 --> 00:01:15,690 it will be unique for a long time because there isn't anything else out 28 00:01:15,690 --> 00:01:15,700 because there isn't anything else out 29 00:01:15,700 --> 00:01:19,499 because there isn't anything else out there to to explore for which you can 30 00:01:19,499 --> 00:01:19,509 there to to explore for which you can 31 00:01:19,509 --> 00:01:23,820 there to to explore for which you can get as much return from a single system 32 00:01:23,820 --> 00:01:23,830 get as much return from a single system 33 00:01:23,830 --> 00:01:27,030 get as much return from a single system I think Voyager will be remembered as 34 00:01:27,030 --> 00:01:27,040 I think Voyager will be remembered as 35 00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:32,090 I think Voyager will be remembered as part of the few decades where human race 36 00:01:32,090 --> 00:01:32,100 part of the few decades where human race 37 00:01:32,100 --> 00:01:35,670 part of the few decades where human race left its planet and Voyager will be a 38 00:01:35,670 --> 00:01:35,680 left its planet and Voyager will be a 39 00:01:35,680 --> 00:01:38,030 left its planet and Voyager will be a main chapter in that book 40 00:01:38,030 --> 00:01:38,040 main chapter in that book 41 00:01:38,040 --> 00:01:40,560 main chapter in that book Voyager kind of opened up the outer 42 00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:40,570 Voyager kind of opened up the outer 43 00:01:40,570 --> 00:01:43,980 Voyager kind of opened up the outer planets to everybody and I think they 44 00:01:43,980 --> 00:01:43,990 planets to everybody and I think they 45 00:01:43,990 --> 00:01:46,320 planets to everybody and I think they were vastly more interesting to me 46 00:01:46,320 --> 00:01:46,330 were vastly more interesting to me 47 00:01:46,330 --> 00:01:48,719 were vastly more interesting to me expected up to and including maybe even 48 00:01:48,719 --> 00:01:48,729 expected up to and including maybe even 49 00:01:48,729 --> 00:01:51,630 expected up to and including maybe even especially Neptune you only explore 50 00:01:51,630 --> 00:01:51,640 especially Neptune you only explore 51 00:01:51,640 --> 00:01:53,580 especially Neptune you only explore explore the solar system for the first 52 00:01:53,580 --> 00:01:53,590 explore the solar system for the first 53 00:01:53,590 --> 00:01:59,300 explore the solar system for the first time once and 54 00:01:59,300 --> 00:01:59,310 55 00:01:59,310 --> 00:02:11,520 and we did it 56 00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:11,530 57 00:02:11,530 --> 00:02:14,400 the outer planets are giant planets 58 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:14,410 the outer planets are giant planets 59 00:02:14,410 --> 00:02:15,960 the outer planets are giant planets they're distinctly different than the 60 00:02:15,960 --> 00:02:15,970 they're distinctly different than the 61 00:02:15,970 --> 00:02:18,180 they're distinctly different than the smaller rocky objects in the inner solar 62 00:02:18,180 --> 00:02:18,190 smaller rocky objects in the inner solar 63 00:02:18,190 --> 00:02:20,460 smaller rocky objects in the inner solar system such as Earth Mars Venus and 64 00:02:20,460 --> 00:02:20,470 system such as Earth Mars Venus and 65 00:02:20,470 --> 00:02:23,670 system such as Earth Mars Venus and Mercury and Voyager was designed to open 66 00:02:23,670 --> 00:02:23,680 Mercury and Voyager was designed to open 67 00:02:23,680 --> 00:02:26,430 Mercury and Voyager was designed to open up to exploration these giant outer 68 00:02:26,430 --> 00:02:26,440 up to exploration these giant outer 69 00:02:26,440 --> 00:02:29,160 up to exploration these giant outer planets which are spheres of rotating 70 00:02:29,160 --> 00:02:29,170 planets which are spheres of rotating 71 00:02:29,170 --> 00:02:33,630 planets which are spheres of rotating fluid gas surrounded by 57 moons totally 72 00:02:33,630 --> 00:02:33,640 fluid gas surrounded by 57 moons totally 73 00:02:33,640 --> 00:02:36,300 fluid gas surrounded by 57 moons totally each planet has a unique ring system and 74 00:02:36,300 --> 00:02:36,310 each planet has a unique ring system and 75 00:02:36,310 --> 00:02:38,520 each planet has a unique ring system and they have magnetic fields which were 76 00:02:38,520 --> 00:02:38,530 they have magnetic fields which were 77 00:02:38,530 --> 00:02:40,440 they have magnetic fields which were immense compared to the magnetic field 78 00:02:40,440 --> 00:02:40,450 immense compared to the magnetic field 79 00:02:40,450 --> 00:02:43,410 immense compared to the magnetic field of Earth voyagers job was to explore 80 00:02:43,410 --> 00:02:43,420 of Earth voyagers job was to explore 81 00:02:43,420 --> 00:02:53,390 of Earth voyagers job was to explore those worlds in the outer solar system 82 00:02:53,390 --> 00:02:53,400 83 00:02:53,400 --> 00:02:55,380 scientists at Cape Canaveral Florida 84 00:02:55,380 --> 00:02:55,390 scientists at Cape Canaveral Florida 85 00:02:55,390 --> 00:02:58,290 scientists at Cape Canaveral Florida sent another unmanned Voyager spacecraft 86 00:02:58,290 --> 00:02:58,300 sent another unmanned Voyager spacecraft 87 00:02:58,300 --> 00:03:00,570 sent another unmanned Voyager spacecraft on its way to Jupiter and Saturn today 88 00:03:00,570 --> 00:03:00,580 on its way to Jupiter and Saturn today 89 00:03:00,580 --> 00:03:03,479 on its way to Jupiter and Saturn today it lifted off flawlessly at 8:56 a.m. 90 00:03:03,479 --> 00:03:03,489 it lifted off flawlessly at 8:56 a.m. 91 00:03:03,489 --> 00:03:05,400 it lifted off flawlessly at 8:56 a.m. and had none of the problems of the 92 00:03:05,400 --> 00:03:05,410 and had none of the problems of the 93 00:03:05,410 --> 00:03:07,740 and had none of the problems of the Voyager launched two weeks ago this 94 00:03:07,740 --> 00:03:07,750 Voyager launched two weeks ago this 95 00:03:07,750 --> 00:03:09,630 Voyager launched two weeks ago this voyager presumably will get to Jupiter 96 00:03:09,630 --> 00:03:09,640 voyager presumably will get to Jupiter 97 00:03:09,640 --> 00:03:14,430 voyager presumably will get to Jupiter in March of 1979 Lord you're too scared 98 00:03:14,430 --> 00:03:14,440 in March of 1979 Lord you're too scared 99 00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:15,350 in March of 1979 Lord you're too scared us 100 00:03:15,350 --> 00:03:15,360 us 101 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:19,259 us Voyager 2 had problems in separating 102 00:03:19,259 --> 00:03:19,269 Voyager 2 had problems in separating 103 00:03:19,269 --> 00:03:22,830 Voyager 2 had problems in separating from the solid rocket kick stage the 104 00:03:22,830 --> 00:03:22,840 from the solid rocket kick stage the 105 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:26,580 from the solid rocket kick stage the spacecraft today you know have a few 106 00:03:26,580 --> 00:03:26,590 spacecraft today you know have a few 107 00:03:26,590 --> 00:03:28,830 spacecraft today you know have a few problems but most of these problems were 108 00:03:28,830 --> 00:03:28,840 problems but most of these problems were 109 00:03:28,840 --> 00:03:31,470 problems but most of these problems were problems we experienced early on there 110 00:03:31,470 --> 00:03:31,480 problems we experienced early on there 111 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:34,320 problems we experienced early on there was the the Voyager 2 spacecraft has a 112 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:34,330 was the the Voyager 2 spacecraft has a 113 00:03:34,330 --> 00:03:39,539 was the the Voyager 2 spacecraft has a failed receiver and and a sick backup 114 00:03:39,539 --> 00:03:39,549 failed receiver and and a sick backup 115 00:03:39,549 --> 00:03:41,850 failed receiver and and a sick backup receiver that's the most serious problem 116 00:03:41,850 --> 00:03:41,860 receiver that's the most serious problem 117 00:03:41,860 --> 00:03:45,760 receiver that's the most serious problem on board that spacecraft 118 00:03:45,760 --> 00:03:45,770 119 00:03:45,770 --> 00:03:48,430 the way we communicate with the with the 120 00:03:48,430 --> 00:03:48,440 the way we communicate with the with the 121 00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:51,820 the way we communicate with the with the Voyager spacecraft is that we send 122 00:03:51,820 --> 00:03:51,830 Voyager spacecraft is that we send 123 00:03:51,830 --> 00:03:54,460 Voyager spacecraft is that we send commands to the spacecraft series of 124 00:03:54,460 --> 00:03:54,470 commands to the spacecraft series of 125 00:03:54,470 --> 00:03:56,560 commands to the spacecraft series of digital bits and computer language that 126 00:03:56,560 --> 00:03:56,570 digital bits and computer language that 127 00:03:56,570 --> 00:03:57,880 digital bits and computer language that go to the spacecraft and it's the 128 00:03:57,880 --> 00:03:57,890 go to the spacecraft and it's the 129 00:03:57,890 --> 00:03:59,500 go to the spacecraft and it's the language that the spacecraft understand 130 00:03:59,500 --> 00:03:59,510 language that the spacecraft understand 131 00:03:59,510 --> 00:04:03,100 language that the spacecraft understand understands these bits are transmitted 132 00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:03,110 understands these bits are transmitted 133 00:04:03,110 --> 00:04:06,370 understands these bits are transmitted and from ground stations located around 134 00:04:06,370 --> 00:04:06,380 and from ground stations located around 135 00:04:06,380 --> 00:04:07,840 and from ground stations located around the earth what we call the Deep Space 136 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:07,850 the earth what we call the Deep Space 137 00:04:07,850 --> 00:04:10,480 the earth what we call the Deep Space Network the three deep space network 138 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:10,490 Network the three deep space network 139 00:04:10,490 --> 00:04:12,940 Network the three deep space network stations are located in Goldstone 140 00:04:12,940 --> 00:04:12,950 stations are located in Goldstone 141 00:04:12,950 --> 00:04:16,560 stations are located in Goldstone California outside of Madrid Spain and 142 00:04:16,560 --> 00:04:16,570 California outside of Madrid Spain and 143 00:04:16,570 --> 00:04:19,540 California outside of Madrid Spain and outside of Canberra Australia as the 144 00:04:19,540 --> 00:04:19,550 outside of Canberra Australia as the 145 00:04:19,550 --> 00:04:22,240 outside of Canberra Australia as the Earth turns we can maintain Kamiya 146 00:04:22,240 --> 00:04:22,250 Earth turns we can maintain Kamiya 147 00:04:22,250 --> 00:04:24,070 Earth turns we can maintain Kamiya continuous communication with the point 148 00:04:24,070 --> 00:04:24,080 continuous communication with the point 149 00:04:24,080 --> 00:04:27,550 continuous communication with the point in space the spacecraft in turn there's 150 00:04:27,550 --> 00:04:27,560 in space the spacecraft in turn there's 151 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:29,080 in space the spacecraft in turn there's kind of the reverse link coming back 152 00:04:29,080 --> 00:04:29,090 kind of the reverse link coming back 153 00:04:29,090 --> 00:04:30,610 kind of the reverse link coming back down the information that the spacecraft 154 00:04:30,610 --> 00:04:30,620 down the information that the spacecraft 155 00:04:30,620 --> 00:04:33,190 down the information that the spacecraft gathers goes into a transmitter on the 156 00:04:33,190 --> 00:04:33,200 gathers goes into a transmitter on the 157 00:04:33,200 --> 00:04:34,870 gathers goes into a transmitter on the spacecraft it's transmitted into those 158 00:04:34,870 --> 00:04:34,880 spacecraft it's transmitted into those 159 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:36,130 spacecraft it's transmitted into those big ears and the ground of the deep 160 00:04:36,130 --> 00:04:36,140 big ears and the ground of the deep 161 00:04:36,140 --> 00:04:37,900 big ears and the ground of the deep space network and transmitted back then 162 00:04:37,900 --> 00:04:37,910 space network and transmitted back then 163 00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:40,120 space network and transmitted back then on the ground to our control facility 164 00:04:40,120 --> 00:04:40,130 on the ground to our control facility 165 00:04:40,130 --> 00:04:42,460 on the ground to our control facility here in Pasadena the transmitter on 166 00:04:42,460 --> 00:04:42,470 here in Pasadena the transmitter on 167 00:04:42,470 --> 00:04:45,490 here in Pasadena the transmitter on Voyager is like tens of watts it's like 168 00:04:45,490 --> 00:04:45,500 Voyager is like tens of watts it's like 169 00:04:45,500 --> 00:04:48,990 Voyager is like tens of watts it's like 20 watts less power than an average 170 00:04:48,990 --> 00:04:49,000 20 watts less power than an average 171 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:52,790 20 watts less power than an average light bulb on your front porch 172 00:04:52,790 --> 00:04:52,800 light bulb on your front porch 173 00:04:52,800 --> 00:04:55,830 light bulb on your front porch on the other hand when that signal is 174 00:04:55,830 --> 00:04:55,840 on the other hand when that signal is 175 00:04:55,840 --> 00:04:59,429 on the other hand when that signal is received on the earth it is literally a 176 00:04:59,429 --> 00:04:59,439 received on the earth it is literally a 177 00:04:59,439 --> 00:05:03,179 received on the earth it is literally a tiny tiny fraction of a watt that has 178 00:05:03,179 --> 00:05:03,189 tiny tiny fraction of a watt that has 179 00:05:03,189 --> 00:05:05,749 tiny tiny fraction of a watt that has received the amount of power received by 180 00:05:05,749 --> 00:05:05,759 received the amount of power received by 181 00:05:05,759 --> 00:05:09,450 received the amount of power received by the ground antennas is something like a 182 00:05:09,450 --> 00:05:09,460 the ground antennas is something like a 183 00:05:09,460 --> 00:05:12,300 the ground antennas is something like a billion of the amount of power used by 184 00:05:12,300 --> 00:05:12,310 billion of the amount of power used by 185 00:05:12,310 --> 00:05:20,690 billion of the amount of power used by my digital watch 186 00:05:20,690 --> 00:05:20,700 187 00:05:20,700 --> 00:05:23,370 man is known about the planet Jupiter 188 00:05:23,370 --> 00:05:23,380 man is known about the planet Jupiter 189 00:05:23,380 --> 00:05:24,870 man is known about the planet Jupiter ever since he took a good look at the 190 00:05:24,870 --> 00:05:24,880 ever since he took a good look at the 191 00:05:24,880 --> 00:05:26,730 ever since he took a good look at the night sky it's not what you'd call a 192 00:05:26,730 --> 00:05:26,740 night sky it's not what you'd call a 193 00:05:26,740 --> 00:05:28,470 night sky it's not what you'd call a near neighbor though being more than 194 00:05:28,470 --> 00:05:28,480 near neighbor though being more than 195 00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:30,840 near neighbor though being more than four hundred million miles away but 196 00:05:30,840 --> 00:05:30,850 four hundred million miles away but 197 00:05:30,850 --> 00:05:32,640 four hundred million miles away but after all these centuries were getting a 198 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:32,650 after all these centuries were getting a 199 00:05:32,650 --> 00:05:37,140 after all these centuries were getting a closer look than we've ever had when 200 00:05:37,140 --> 00:05:37,150 closer look than we've ever had when 201 00:05:37,150 --> 00:05:39,210 closer look than we've ever had when Voyager got up close and we looked at 202 00:05:39,210 --> 00:05:39,220 Voyager got up close and we looked at 203 00:05:39,220 --> 00:05:42,060 Voyager got up close and we looked at the time-lapse movies of the atmosphere 204 00:05:42,060 --> 00:05:42,070 the time-lapse movies of the atmosphere 205 00:05:42,070 --> 00:05:44,580 the time-lapse movies of the atmosphere in motion things were changing every day 206 00:05:44,580 --> 00:05:44,590 in motion things were changing every day 207 00:05:44,590 --> 00:05:47,700 in motion things were changing every day little storms would pop up out of 208 00:05:47,700 --> 00:05:47,710 little storms would pop up out of 209 00:05:47,710 --> 00:05:50,180 little storms would pop up out of nowhere and they'd get ripped apart 210 00:05:50,180 --> 00:05:50,190 nowhere and they'd get ripped apart 211 00:05:50,190 --> 00:05:53,820 nowhere and they'd get ripped apart dispersed all in a day or two and that 212 00:05:53,820 --> 00:05:53,830 dispersed all in a day or two and that 213 00:05:53,830 --> 00:05:56,730 dispersed all in a day or two and that made the mystery of the Great Red Spot 214 00:05:56,730 --> 00:05:56,740 made the mystery of the Great Red Spot 215 00:05:56,740 --> 00:05:59,730 made the mystery of the Great Red Spot and all those other large spots even 216 00:05:59,730 --> 00:05:59,740 and all those other large spots even 217 00:05:59,740 --> 00:06:04,410 and all those other large spots even deeper because how could they last for 218 00:06:04,410 --> 00:06:04,420 deeper because how could they last for 219 00:06:04,420 --> 00:06:07,380 deeper because how could they last for so long in the midst of all that chaotic 220 00:06:07,380 --> 00:06:07,390 so long in the midst of all that chaotic 221 00:06:07,390 --> 00:06:10,430 so long in the midst of all that chaotic motion it was a startling discovery as 222 00:06:10,430 --> 00:06:10,440 motion it was a startling discovery as 223 00:06:10,440 --> 00:06:13,170 motion it was a startling discovery as Voyager approached Jupiter the first 224 00:06:13,170 --> 00:06:13,180 Voyager approached Jupiter the first 225 00:06:13,180 --> 00:06:15,870 Voyager approached Jupiter the first thing that inter intercepted was what's 226 00:06:15,870 --> 00:06:15,880 thing that inter intercepted was what's 227 00:06:15,880 --> 00:06:17,310 thing that inter intercepted was what's called the bow shock that's a shock 228 00:06:17,310 --> 00:06:17,320 called the bow shock that's a shock 229 00:06:17,320 --> 00:06:19,470 called the bow shock that's a shock where the supersonic solar wind becomes 230 00:06:19,470 --> 00:06:19,480 where the supersonic solar wind becomes 231 00:06:19,480 --> 00:06:22,200 where the supersonic solar wind becomes subsonic and that shock the solar wind 232 00:06:22,200 --> 00:06:22,210 subsonic and that shock the solar wind 233 00:06:22,210 --> 00:06:23,730 subsonic and that shock the solar wind velocity which is a million miles per 234 00:06:23,730 --> 00:06:23,740 velocity which is a million miles per 235 00:06:23,740 --> 00:06:26,430 velocity which is a million miles per hour abruptly decreases to 250,000 miles 236 00:06:26,430 --> 00:06:26,440 hour abruptly decreases to 250,000 miles 237 00:06:26,440 --> 00:06:28,320 hour abruptly decreases to 250,000 miles per hour that abrupt change in velocity 238 00:06:28,320 --> 00:06:28,330 per hour that abrupt change in velocity 239 00:06:28,330 --> 00:06:32,430 per hour that abrupt change in velocity causes the ionized gas to vibrate and we 240 00:06:32,430 --> 00:06:32,440 causes the ionized gas to vibrate and we 241 00:06:32,440 --> 00:06:34,890 causes the ionized gas to vibrate and we can sense we can hear the shock and we 242 00:06:34,890 --> 00:06:34,900 can sense we can hear the shock and we 243 00:06:34,900 --> 00:06:36,750 can sense we can hear the shock and we can hear the vibrations associated with 244 00:06:36,750 --> 00:06:36,760 can hear the vibrations associated with 245 00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:39,030 can hear the vibrations associated with that shock as a spacecraft flew through 246 00:06:39,030 --> 00:06:39,040 that shock as a spacecraft flew through 247 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:40,740 that shock as a spacecraft flew through the shock itself 248 00:06:40,740 --> 00:06:40,750 the shock itself 249 00:06:40,750 --> 00:06:43,110 the shock itself we had expected that the magnetic field 250 00:06:43,110 --> 00:06:43,120 we had expected that the magnetic field 251 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:46,470 we had expected that the magnetic field might expend something like a million 252 00:06:46,470 --> 00:06:46,480 might expend something like a million 253 00:06:46,480 --> 00:06:49,260 might expend something like a million miles or so from the planet in fact it 254 00:06:49,260 --> 00:06:49,270 miles or so from the planet in fact it 255 00:06:49,270 --> 00:06:50,940 miles or so from the planet in fact it extends some three to four million miles 256 00:06:50,940 --> 00:06:50,950 extends some three to four million miles 257 00:06:50,950 --> 00:06:52,650 extends some three to four million miles from the planet now we understand 258 00:06:52,650 --> 00:06:52,660 from the planet now we understand 259 00:06:52,660 --> 00:06:55,890 from the planet now we understand because IO is injecting into the 260 00:06:55,890 --> 00:06:55,900 because IO is injecting into the 261 00:06:55,900 --> 00:06:58,260 because IO is injecting into the magnetic field some 1 to 2 tons of 262 00:06:58,260 --> 00:06:58,270 magnetic field some 1 to 2 tons of 263 00:06:58,270 --> 00:07:00,870 magnetic field some 1 to 2 tons of material every second that material as 264 00:07:00,870 --> 00:07:00,880 material every second that material as 265 00:07:00,880 --> 00:07:03,630 material every second that material as it spins with Jupiter is centrally 266 00:07:03,630 --> 00:07:03,640 it spins with Jupiter is centrally 267 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:05,520 it spins with Jupiter is centrally expanding Jupiter's magnetic field 268 00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:05,530 expanding Jupiter's magnetic field 269 00:07:05,530 --> 00:07:07,770 expanding Jupiter's magnetic field inflating it to a much larger size than 270 00:07:07,770 --> 00:07:07,780 inflating it to a much larger size than 271 00:07:07,780 --> 00:07:13,230 inflating it to a much larger size than it would normally be we expected quite 272 00:07:13,230 --> 00:07:13,240 it would normally be we expected quite 273 00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:16,530 it would normally be we expected quite frankly the satellites of the outer 274 00:07:16,530 --> 00:07:16,540 frankly the satellites of the outer 275 00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:18,680 frankly the satellites of the outer solar system to be quite bland and 276 00:07:18,680 --> 00:07:18,690 solar system to be quite bland and 277 00:07:18,690 --> 00:07:21,630 solar system to be quite bland and geologically lifeless is we've flew 278 00:07:21,630 --> 00:07:21,640 geologically lifeless is we've flew 279 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:24,510 geologically lifeless is we've flew closer I look less and less like 280 00:07:24,510 --> 00:07:24,520 closer I look less and less like 281 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:26,340 closer I look less and less like anything we've ever seen the impact 282 00:07:26,340 --> 00:07:26,350 anything we've ever seen the impact 283 00:07:26,350 --> 00:07:29,070 anything we've ever seen the impact craters turned into a regular dark 284 00:07:29,070 --> 00:07:29,080 craters turned into a regular dark 285 00:07:29,080 --> 00:07:33,030 craters turned into a regular dark patterns and the colored patches red 286 00:07:33,030 --> 00:07:33,040 patterns and the colored patches red 287 00:07:33,040 --> 00:07:35,430 patterns and the colored patches red yellows painted on the surface as a 288 00:07:35,430 --> 00:07:35,440 yellows painted on the surface as a 289 00:07:35,440 --> 00:07:38,310 yellows painted on the surface as a matter of fact as we flew closer we saw 290 00:07:38,310 --> 00:07:38,320 matter of fact as we flew closer we saw 291 00:07:38,320 --> 00:07:40,740 matter of fact as we flew closer we saw nothing at all that resembled an impact 292 00:07:40,740 --> 00:07:40,750 nothing at all that resembled an impact 293 00:07:40,750 --> 00:07:44,940 nothing at all that resembled an impact crater if Voyager 1 discovered 11 active 294 00:07:44,940 --> 00:07:44,950 crater if Voyager 1 discovered 11 active 295 00:07:44,950 --> 00:07:48,450 crater if Voyager 1 discovered 11 active volcanoes and 9 of those were still 296 00:07:48,450 --> 00:07:48,460 volcanoes and 9 of those were still 297 00:07:48,460 --> 00:07:50,190 volcanoes and 9 of those were still active when Voyager 2 returned four 298 00:07:50,190 --> 00:07:50,200 active when Voyager 2 returned four 299 00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:53,820 active when Voyager 2 returned four months later I think the the event in 300 00:07:53,820 --> 00:07:53,830 months later I think the the event in 301 00:07:53,830 --> 00:07:55,650 months later I think the the event in the end the omission which really 302 00:07:55,650 --> 00:07:55,660 the end the omission which really 303 00:07:55,660 --> 00:07:58,290 the end the omission which really altered our view and our expectation for 304 00:07:58,290 --> 00:07:58,300 altered our view and our expectation for 305 00:07:58,300 --> 00:07:59,190 altered our view and our expectation for the rest of the mission was the 306 00:07:59,190 --> 00:07:59,200 the rest of the mission was the 307 00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:02,040 the rest of the mission was the discovery of the volcanoes an isle that 308 00:08:02,040 --> 00:08:02,050 discovery of the volcanoes an isle that 309 00:08:02,050 --> 00:08:04,650 discovery of the volcanoes an isle that was such a dramatic and unexpected thing 310 00:08:04,650 --> 00:08:04,660 was such a dramatic and unexpected thing 311 00:08:04,660 --> 00:08:07,110 was such a dramatic and unexpected thing to find that it really told us that we 312 00:08:07,110 --> 00:08:07,120 to find that it really told us that we 313 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:08,760 to find that it really told us that we could no longer be complacent we could 314 00:08:08,760 --> 00:08:08,770 could no longer be complacent we could 315 00:08:08,770 --> 00:08:11,310 could no longer be complacent we could no longer expect to understand or 316 00:08:11,310 --> 00:08:11,320 no longer expect to understand or 317 00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:13,080 no longer expect to understand or anticipate what we were really going to 318 00:08:13,080 --> 00:08:13,090 anticipate what we were really going to 319 00:08:13,090 --> 00:08:19,830 anticipate what we were really going to see Voyager 1 flew in close to Isle for 320 00:08:19,830 --> 00:08:19,840 see Voyager 1 flew in close to Isle for 321 00:08:19,840 --> 00:08:22,380 see Voyager 1 flew in close to Isle for a close up flyby of IO to give good 322 00:08:22,380 --> 00:08:22,390 a close up flyby of IO to give good 323 00:08:22,390 --> 00:08:26,850 a close up flyby of IO to give good return from Isle and made its close 324 00:08:26,850 --> 00:08:26,860 return from Isle and made its close 325 00:08:26,860 --> 00:08:29,510 return from Isle and made its close encounters with the Galilean satellites 326 00:08:29,510 --> 00:08:29,520 encounters with the Galilean satellites 327 00:08:29,520 --> 00:08:32,279 encounters with the Galilean satellites after the closest approach of Jupiter 328 00:08:32,279 --> 00:08:32,289 after the closest approach of Jupiter 329 00:08:32,289 --> 00:08:35,610 after the closest approach of Jupiter if we look at Callisto it's one of the 330 00:08:35,610 --> 00:08:35,620 if we look at Callisto it's one of the 331 00:08:35,620 --> 00:08:37,409 if we look at Callisto it's one of the most heavily cratered objects in the 332 00:08:37,409 --> 00:08:37,419 most heavily cratered objects in the 333 00:08:37,419 --> 00:08:40,680 most heavily cratered objects in the solar saturated with impact craters when 334 00:08:40,680 --> 00:08:40,690 solar saturated with impact craters when 335 00:08:40,690 --> 00:08:44,610 solar saturated with impact craters when we looked at Ganymede we find two kinds 336 00:08:44,610 --> 00:08:44,620 we looked at Ganymede we find two kinds 337 00:08:44,620 --> 00:08:46,770 we looked at Ganymede we find two kinds of terrains one is a terrain looks very 338 00:08:46,770 --> 00:08:46,780 of terrains one is a terrain looks very 339 00:08:46,780 --> 00:08:49,490 of terrains one is a terrain looks very much like Callisto but in addition 340 00:08:49,490 --> 00:08:49,500 much like Callisto but in addition 341 00:08:49,500 --> 00:08:51,740 much like Callisto but in addition Ganymede has a 342 00:08:51,740 --> 00:08:51,750 Ganymede has a 343 00:08:51,750 --> 00:08:56,030 Ganymede has a very complex intercepting network of 344 00:08:56,030 --> 00:08:56,040 very complex intercepting network of 345 00:08:56,040 --> 00:08:59,690 very complex intercepting network of faults in a younger terrain which has 346 00:08:59,690 --> 00:08:59,700 faults in a younger terrain which has 347 00:08:59,700 --> 00:09:01,970 faults in a younger terrain which has evidently welled up from the interior 348 00:09:01,970 --> 00:09:01,980 evidently welled up from the interior 349 00:09:01,980 --> 00:09:03,800 evidently welled up from the interior and replaced these this old cratered 350 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:03,810 and replaced these this old cratered 351 00:09:03,810 --> 00:09:06,170 and replaced these this old cratered terrain is so similar to crystal the 352 00:09:06,170 --> 00:09:06,180 terrain is so similar to crystal the 353 00:09:06,180 --> 00:09:09,700 terrain is so similar to crystal the case of Europa we see yet another style 354 00:09:09,700 --> 00:09:09,710 case of Europa we see yet another style 355 00:09:09,710 --> 00:09:13,070 case of Europa we see yet another style we see gargantuan fault patterns in 356 00:09:13,070 --> 00:09:13,080 we see gargantuan fault patterns in 357 00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:16,880 we see gargantuan fault patterns in which this ocean has frozen repeatedly 358 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:16,890 which this ocean has frozen repeatedly 359 00:09:16,890 --> 00:09:20,210 which this ocean has frozen repeatedly broken open and fluids float up to the 360 00:09:20,210 --> 00:09:20,220 broken open and fluids float up to the 361 00:09:20,220 --> 00:09:22,550 broken open and fluids float up to the surface producing dark puddles of 362 00:09:22,550 --> 00:09:22,560 surface producing dark puddles of 363 00:09:22,560 --> 00:09:24,620 surface producing dark puddles of material within the faults these are 364 00:09:24,620 --> 00:09:24,630 material within the faults these are 365 00:09:24,630 --> 00:09:27,340 material within the faults these are then broken again so there's 366 00:09:27,340 --> 00:09:27,350 then broken again so there's 367 00:09:27,350 --> 00:09:30,440 then broken again so there's intersecting and cross-cutting networks 368 00:09:30,440 --> 00:09:30,450 intersecting and cross-cutting networks 369 00:09:30,450 --> 00:09:32,840 intersecting and cross-cutting networks there were two small satellites 370 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:32,850 there were two small satellites 371 00:09:32,850 --> 00:09:37,040 there were two small satellites discovered at Jupiter one of them found 372 00:09:37,040 --> 00:09:37,050 discovered at Jupiter one of them found 373 00:09:37,050 --> 00:09:39,950 discovered at Jupiter one of them found orbiting just outside a very thin 374 00:09:39,950 --> 00:09:39,960 orbiting just outside a very thin 375 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:42,200 orbiting just outside a very thin tenuous ring of material that was 376 00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:42,210 tenuous ring of material that was 377 00:09:42,210 --> 00:09:45,080 tenuous ring of material that was discovered the Jupiter the imaging team 378 00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:45,090 discovered the Jupiter the imaging team 379 00:09:45,090 --> 00:09:49,790 discovered the Jupiter the imaging team members planned one single photo an 11 380 00:09:49,790 --> 00:09:49,800 members planned one single photo an 11 381 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:51,830 members planned one single photo an 11 minute exposure that would be taken as 382 00:09:51,830 --> 00:09:51,840 minute exposure that would be taken as 383 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:54,290 minute exposure that would be taken as the spacecraft plunged through the 384 00:09:54,290 --> 00:09:54,300 the spacecraft plunged through the 385 00:09:54,300 --> 00:09:57,890 the spacecraft plunged through the equator plane of Jupiter and it just so 386 00:09:57,890 --> 00:09:57,900 equator plane of Jupiter and it just so 387 00:09:57,900 --> 00:09:59,380 equator plane of Jupiter and it just so happened that there was a ring there 388 00:09:59,380 --> 00:09:59,390 happened that there was a ring there 389 00:09:59,390 --> 00:10:02,170 happened that there was a ring there it's dusty 390 00:10:02,170 --> 00:10:02,180 it's dusty 391 00:10:02,180 --> 00:10:04,200 it's dusty there it seems to be no indication of 392 00:10:04,200 --> 00:10:04,210 there it seems to be no indication of 393 00:10:04,210 --> 00:10:09,070 there it seems to be no indication of water or ice within the ring so it's 394 00:10:09,070 --> 00:10:09,080 water or ice within the ring so it's 395 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:17,650 water or ice within the ring so it's probably a minute of rocky material an 396 00:10:17,650 --> 00:10:17,660 probably a minute of rocky material an 397 00:10:17,660 --> 00:10:19,780 probably a minute of rocky material an outerspace spectacular that was the 398 00:10:19,780 --> 00:10:19,790 outerspace spectacular that was the 399 00:10:19,790 --> 00:10:21,910 outerspace spectacular that was the stuff of dreams only a generation ago 400 00:10:21,910 --> 00:10:21,920 stuff of dreams only a generation ago 401 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:24,250 stuff of dreams only a generation ago began snapping into the sharp focus of 402 00:10:24,250 --> 00:10:24,260 began snapping into the sharp focus of 403 00:10:24,260 --> 00:10:26,769 began snapping into the sharp focus of reality today after its billion mile 404 00:10:26,769 --> 00:10:26,779 reality today after its billion mile 405 00:10:26,779 --> 00:10:28,570 reality today after its billion mile journey from Earth to Voyager 1 406 00:10:28,570 --> 00:10:28,580 journey from Earth to Voyager 1 407 00:10:28,580 --> 00:10:30,760 journey from Earth to Voyager 1 spacecraft sent back pictures of man's 408 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:30,770 spacecraft sent back pictures of man's 409 00:10:30,770 --> 00:10:32,590 spacecraft sent back pictures of man's closest look yet at the ringed planet 410 00:10:32,590 --> 00:10:32,600 closest look yet at the ringed planet 411 00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:33,550 closest look yet at the ringed planet Saturn 412 00:10:33,550 --> 00:10:33,560 Saturn 413 00:10:33,560 --> 00:10:35,949 Saturn the closest encounter of spacecraft and 414 00:10:35,949 --> 00:10:35,959 the closest encounter of spacecraft and 415 00:10:35,959 --> 00:10:37,780 the closest encounter of spacecraft and planet occurs later tonight when Voyager 416 00:10:37,780 --> 00:10:37,790 planet occurs later tonight when Voyager 417 00:10:37,790 --> 00:10:41,260 planet occurs later tonight when Voyager sails just 77,000 miles from Saturn's 418 00:10:41,260 --> 00:10:41,270 sails just 77,000 miles from Saturn's 419 00:10:41,270 --> 00:10:43,810 sails just 77,000 miles from Saturn's yellow clouds but already one scientist 420 00:10:43,810 --> 00:10:43,820 yellow clouds but already one scientist 421 00:10:43,820 --> 00:10:46,150 yellow clouds but already one scientist said in the strange world of Saturn's 422 00:10:46,150 --> 00:10:46,160 said in the strange world of Saturn's 423 00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:48,900 said in the strange world of Saturn's rings the bizarre has become commonplace 424 00:10:48,900 --> 00:10:48,910 rings the bizarre has become commonplace 425 00:10:48,910 --> 00:10:52,000 rings the bizarre has become commonplace the closer that Voyager got to Saturn 426 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:52,010 the closer that Voyager got to Saturn 427 00:10:52,010 --> 00:10:54,449 the closer that Voyager got to Saturn the more and more detail and structure 428 00:10:54,449 --> 00:10:54,459 the more and more detail and structure 429 00:10:54,459 --> 00:10:56,710 the more and more detail and structure Saturn's rings turned out to have and 430 00:10:56,710 --> 00:10:56,720 Saturn's rings turned out to have and 431 00:10:56,720 --> 00:10:58,900 Saturn's rings turned out to have and this just was an enormous surprise to 432 00:10:58,900 --> 00:10:58,910 this just was an enormous surprise to 433 00:10:58,910 --> 00:11:01,210 this just was an enormous surprise to everybody the Rings were simultaneously 434 00:11:01,210 --> 00:11:01,220 everybody the Rings were simultaneously 435 00:11:01,220 --> 00:11:03,750 everybody the Rings were simultaneously breathtaking but completely baffling and 436 00:11:03,750 --> 00:11:03,760 breathtaking but completely baffling and 437 00:11:03,760 --> 00:11:05,800 breathtaking but completely baffling and there was just far more structure than 438 00:11:05,800 --> 00:11:05,810 there was just far more structure than 439 00:11:05,810 --> 00:11:08,380 there was just far more structure than people had anticipated not only did we 440 00:11:08,380 --> 00:11:08,390 people had anticipated not only did we 441 00:11:08,390 --> 00:11:10,510 people had anticipated not only did we find many many concentric features 442 00:11:10,510 --> 00:11:10,520 find many many concentric features 443 00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:12,880 find many many concentric features within the Rings but we found eccentric 444 00:11:12,880 --> 00:11:12,890 within the Rings but we found eccentric 445 00:11:12,890 --> 00:11:16,210 within the Rings but we found eccentric rings we found that the F frame which 446 00:11:16,210 --> 00:11:16,220 rings we found that the F frame which 447 00:11:16,220 --> 00:11:18,850 rings we found that the F frame which had been discovered by pioneer had 448 00:11:18,850 --> 00:11:18,860 had been discovered by pioneer had 449 00:11:18,860 --> 00:11:21,370 had been discovered by pioneer had braids in it and kinks and clumps all 450 00:11:21,370 --> 00:11:21,380 braids in it and kinks and clumps all 451 00:11:21,380 --> 00:11:22,750 braids in it and kinks and clumps all these things no one had ever even 452 00:11:22,750 --> 00:11:22,760 these things no one had ever even 453 00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:24,760 these things no one had ever even dreamed about before Voyager got to 454 00:11:24,760 --> 00:11:24,770 dreamed about before Voyager got to 455 00:11:24,770 --> 00:11:27,340 dreamed about before Voyager got to Saturn 456 00:11:27,340 --> 00:11:27,350 457 00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:29,230 and then of course they were the spokes 458 00:11:29,230 --> 00:11:29,240 and then of course they were the spokes 459 00:11:29,240 --> 00:11:31,840 and then of course they were the spokes that Voyager discovered about a month or 460 00:11:31,840 --> 00:11:31,850 that Voyager discovered about a month or 461 00:11:31,850 --> 00:11:34,330 that Voyager discovered about a month or month and a half before encounter and 462 00:11:34,330 --> 00:11:34,340 month and a half before encounter and 463 00:11:34,340 --> 00:11:37,060 month and a half before encounter and these are these radial features in the B 464 00:11:37,060 --> 00:11:37,070 these are these radial features in the B 465 00:11:37,070 --> 00:11:39,280 these are these radial features in the B ring that come and go they are seen 466 00:11:39,280 --> 00:11:39,290 ring that come and go they are seen 467 00:11:39,290 --> 00:11:44,860 ring that come and go they are seen orbiting around the Rings and no one had 468 00:11:44,860 --> 00:11:44,870 orbiting around the Rings and no one had 469 00:11:44,870 --> 00:11:47,830 orbiting around the Rings and no one had a clue or at least not a yeah not a 470 00:11:47,830 --> 00:11:47,840 a clue or at least not a yeah not a 471 00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:49,390 a clue or at least not a yeah not a reasonable clue in the beginning as to 472 00:11:49,390 --> 00:11:49,400 reasonable clue in the beginning as to 473 00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:51,040 reasonable clue in the beginning as to what caused these features or even what 474 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:51,050 what caused these features or even what 475 00:11:51,050 --> 00:11:54,010 what caused these features or even what they were that if you look at the rings 476 00:11:54,010 --> 00:11:54,020 they were that if you look at the rings 477 00:11:54,020 --> 00:11:55,990 they were that if you look at the rings of Saturn it for a period of time and 478 00:11:55,990 --> 00:11:56,000 of Saturn it for a period of time and 479 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:58,540 of Saturn it for a period of time and watch the spokes go around and round and 480 00:11:58,540 --> 00:11:58,550 watch the spokes go around and round and 481 00:11:58,550 --> 00:12:00,670 watch the spokes go around and round and you examined the appearance of the 482 00:12:00,670 --> 00:12:00,680 you examined the appearance of the 483 00:12:00,680 --> 00:12:03,190 you examined the appearance of the spokes on the Rings that appearance 484 00:12:03,190 --> 00:12:03,200 spokes on the Rings that appearance 485 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:05,620 spokes on the Rings that appearance changes and it changes with a period 486 00:12:05,620 --> 00:12:05,630 changes and it changes with a period 487 00:12:05,630 --> 00:12:10,000 changes and it changes with a period that is equal to the period of the spin 488 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:10,010 that is equal to the period of the spin 489 00:12:10,010 --> 00:12:13,480 that is equal to the period of the spin of Saturn's magnetic field voyager found 490 00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:13,490 of Saturn's magnetic field voyager found 491 00:12:13,490 --> 00:12:15,010 of Saturn's magnetic field voyager found that Saturn's the magnetic field as 492 00:12:15,010 --> 00:12:15,020 that Saturn's the magnetic field as 493 00:12:15,020 --> 00:12:17,620 that Saturn's the magnetic field as pioneer 11 had already told us is is 494 00:12:17,620 --> 00:12:17,630 pioneer 11 had already told us is is 495 00:12:17,630 --> 00:12:19,120 pioneer 11 had already told us is is weaker that is it's only about 496 00:12:19,120 --> 00:12:19,130 weaker that is it's only about 497 00:12:19,130 --> 00:12:20,800 weaker that is it's only about one-twentieth the strength of Jupiter's 498 00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:20,810 one-twentieth the strength of Jupiter's 499 00:12:20,810 --> 00:12:23,020 one-twentieth the strength of Jupiter's magnetic field that means it's magnetic 500 00:12:23,020 --> 00:12:23,030 magnetic field that means it's magnetic 501 00:12:23,030 --> 00:12:24,520 magnetic field that means it's magnetic field doesn't extend as far from the 502 00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:24,530 field doesn't extend as far from the 503 00:12:24,530 --> 00:12:26,050 field doesn't extend as far from the planet about a million miles from the 504 00:12:26,050 --> 00:12:26,060 planet about a million miles from the 505 00:12:26,060 --> 00:12:26,620 planet about a million miles from the planet 506 00:12:26,620 --> 00:12:26,630 planet 507 00:12:26,630 --> 00:12:29,290 planet what Voyager discovered was how rapidly 508 00:12:29,290 --> 00:12:29,300 what Voyager discovered was how rapidly 509 00:12:29,300 --> 00:12:31,270 what Voyager discovered was how rapidly that magnetic field was rotating the 510 00:12:31,270 --> 00:12:31,280 that magnetic field was rotating the 511 00:12:31,280 --> 00:12:32,920 that magnetic field was rotating the magnetic field of Jupiter rotates with a 512 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:32,930 magnetic field of Jupiter rotates with a 513 00:12:32,930 --> 00:12:35,860 magnetic field of Jupiter rotates with a period just under ten hours at Saturn it 514 00:12:35,860 --> 00:12:35,870 period just under ten hours at Saturn it 515 00:12:35,870 --> 00:12:37,660 period just under ten hours at Saturn it turns out the magnetic field rotates 516 00:12:37,660 --> 00:12:37,670 turns out the magnetic field rotates 517 00:12:37,670 --> 00:12:39,460 turns out the magnetic field rotates with a period of about 10 hours and 40 518 00:12:39,460 --> 00:12:39,470 with a period of about 10 hours and 40 519 00:12:39,470 --> 00:12:41,050 with a period of about 10 hours and 40 minutes so this was the first measure of 520 00:12:41,050 --> 00:12:41,060 minutes so this was the first measure of 521 00:12:41,060 --> 00:12:45,220 minutes so this was the first measure of the length of the day on Saturn turns 522 00:12:45,220 --> 00:12:45,230 the length of the day on Saturn turns 523 00:12:45,230 --> 00:12:48,630 the length of the day on Saturn turns out when we finally measured the 524 00:12:48,630 --> 00:12:48,640 out when we finally measured the 525 00:12:48,640 --> 00:12:51,700 out when we finally measured the magnetic field and the radio emissions 526 00:12:51,700 --> 00:12:51,710 magnetic field and the radio emissions 527 00:12:51,710 --> 00:12:53,860 magnetic field and the radio emissions that are tied to the magnetic field that 528 00:12:53,860 --> 00:12:53,870 that are tied to the magnetic field that 529 00:12:53,870 --> 00:12:57,820 that are tied to the magnetic field that the inside of Saturn is moving quite 530 00:12:57,820 --> 00:12:57,830 the inside of Saturn is moving quite 531 00:12:57,830 --> 00:13:01,390 the inside of Saturn is moving quite slowly it's moving more slowly than most 532 00:13:01,390 --> 00:13:01,400 slowly it's moving more slowly than most 533 00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:04,710 slowly it's moving more slowly than most of the storms in the atmosphere and that 534 00:13:04,710 --> 00:13:04,720 of the storms in the atmosphere and that 535 00:13:04,720 --> 00:13:07,270 of the storms in the atmosphere and that the difference in those speeds 536 00:13:07,270 --> 00:13:07,280 the difference in those speeds 537 00:13:07,280 --> 00:13:10,990 the difference in those speeds translates to 500 meters per second for 538 00:13:10,990 --> 00:13:11,000 translates to 500 meters per second for 539 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:13,270 translates to 500 meters per second for the winds which is over a thousand miles 540 00:13:13,270 --> 00:13:13,280 the winds which is over a thousand miles 541 00:13:13,280 --> 00:13:14,590 the winds which is over a thousand miles an hour 542 00:13:14,590 --> 00:13:14,600 an hour 543 00:13:14,600 --> 00:13:17,950 an hour and that made Saturn a lot windier 544 00:13:17,950 --> 00:13:17,960 and that made Saturn a lot windier 545 00:13:17,960 --> 00:13:21,160 and that made Saturn a lot windier planet than Jupiter that was the big 546 00:13:21,160 --> 00:13:21,170 planet than Jupiter that was the big 547 00:13:21,170 --> 00:13:23,680 planet than Jupiter that was the big surprise for me and we went Voyager got 548 00:13:23,680 --> 00:13:23,690 surprise for me and we went Voyager got 549 00:13:23,690 --> 00:13:26,010 surprise for me and we went Voyager got there 550 00:13:26,010 --> 00:13:26,020 551 00:13:26,020 --> 00:13:30,790 Voyager 1 approached Saturn in such a 552 00:13:30,790 --> 00:13:30,800 Voyager 1 approached Saturn in such a 553 00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:34,300 Voyager 1 approached Saturn in such a way that it flew past Titan before its 554 00:13:34,300 --> 00:13:34,310 way that it flew past Titan before its 555 00:13:34,310 --> 00:13:36,460 way that it flew past Titan before its closest approach to Saturn that 556 00:13:36,460 --> 00:13:36,470 closest approach to Saturn that 557 00:13:36,470 --> 00:13:39,220 closest approach to Saturn that trajectory then because of the tilt of 558 00:13:39,220 --> 00:13:39,230 trajectory then because of the tilt of 559 00:13:39,230 --> 00:13:42,790 trajectory then because of the tilt of the satellite system around Saturn 560 00:13:42,790 --> 00:13:42,800 the satellite system around Saturn 561 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:46,510 the satellite system around Saturn caused the spacecraft to fly low 562 00:13:46,510 --> 00:13:46,520 caused the spacecraft to fly low 563 00:13:46,520 --> 00:13:49,660 caused the spacecraft to fly low initially and then get deflected as it 564 00:13:49,660 --> 00:13:49,670 initially and then get deflected as it 565 00:13:49,670 --> 00:13:52,450 initially and then get deflected as it made its closest approach to Saturn 566 00:13:52,450 --> 00:13:52,460 made its closest approach to Saturn 567 00:13:52,460 --> 00:13:54,790 made its closest approach to Saturn going through the ring plane up out of 568 00:13:54,790 --> 00:13:54,800 going through the ring plane up out of 569 00:13:54,800 --> 00:13:56,080 going through the ring plane up out of the plane of the ecliptic 570 00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:56,090 the plane of the ecliptic 571 00:13:56,090 --> 00:14:01,450 the plane of the ecliptic we knew that Titan had an atmosphere we 572 00:14:01,450 --> 00:14:01,460 we knew that Titan had an atmosphere we 573 00:14:01,460 --> 00:14:07,570 we knew that Titan had an atmosphere we had no idea how deep it was or what it 574 00:14:07,570 --> 00:14:07,580 had no idea how deep it was or what it 575 00:14:07,580 --> 00:14:10,900 had no idea how deep it was or what it was made out of and what Voyager found 576 00:14:10,900 --> 00:14:10,910 was made out of and what Voyager found 577 00:14:10,910 --> 00:14:14,310 was made out of and what Voyager found was a nitrogen atmosphere with traces of 578 00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:14,320 was a nitrogen atmosphere with traces of 579 00:14:14,320 --> 00:14:18,760 was a nitrogen atmosphere with traces of methane and other hydrocarbons and it 580 00:14:18,760 --> 00:14:18,770 methane and other hydrocarbons and it 581 00:14:18,770 --> 00:14:20,980 methane and other hydrocarbons and it was turned out to be quite a batma 582 00:14:20,980 --> 00:14:20,990 was turned out to be quite a batma 583 00:14:20,990 --> 00:14:23,230 was turned out to be quite a batma sphere we suspect there might be an 584 00:14:23,230 --> 00:14:23,240 sphere we suspect there might be an 585 00:14:23,240 --> 00:14:25,750 sphere we suspect there might be an ocean of material called ethane 586 00:14:25,750 --> 00:14:25,760 ocean of material called ethane 587 00:14:25,760 --> 00:14:28,750 ocean of material called ethane there could be all kinds of complicated 588 00:14:28,750 --> 00:14:28,760 there could be all kinds of complicated 589 00:14:28,760 --> 00:14:31,810 there could be all kinds of complicated hydrocarbons of different colors and 590 00:14:31,810 --> 00:14:31,820 hydrocarbons of different colors and 591 00:14:31,820 --> 00:14:34,420 hydrocarbons of different colors and different states some ices some fluids 592 00:14:34,420 --> 00:14:34,430 different states some ices some fluids 593 00:14:34,430 --> 00:14:37,990 different states some ices some fluids there's all manner of hallucination 594 00:14:37,990 --> 00:14:38,000 there's all manner of hallucination 595 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:41,530 there's all manner of hallucination about hydrocarbon goop that rains out of 596 00:14:41,530 --> 00:14:41,540 about hydrocarbon goop that rains out of 597 00:14:41,540 --> 00:14:43,080 about hydrocarbon goop that rains out of the atmosphere and falls on the surface 598 00:14:43,080 --> 00:14:43,090 the atmosphere and falls on the surface 599 00:14:43,090 --> 00:14:45,820 the atmosphere and falls on the surface as matter of fact Titan remains one of 600 00:14:45,820 --> 00:14:45,830 as matter of fact Titan remains one of 601 00:14:45,830 --> 00:14:47,640 as matter of fact Titan remains one of the really exciting challenges for 602 00:14:47,640 --> 00:14:47,650 the really exciting challenges for 603 00:14:47,650 --> 00:14:52,170 the really exciting challenges for future future exploration in the case of 604 00:14:52,170 --> 00:14:52,180 future future exploration in the case of 605 00:14:52,180 --> 00:14:55,330 future future exploration in the case of limas we see a crater on - that's about 606 00:14:55,330 --> 00:14:55,340 limas we see a crater on - that's about 607 00:14:55,340 --> 00:14:59,160 limas we see a crater on - that's about 40% of its diameter a little larger and 608 00:14:59,160 --> 00:14:59,170 40% of its diameter a little larger and 609 00:14:59,170 --> 00:15:02,260 40% of its diameter a little larger and that would have been enough to shatter 610 00:15:02,260 --> 00:15:02,270 that would have been enough to shatter 611 00:15:02,270 --> 00:15:06,010 that would have been enough to shatter the object and of course we wouldn't see 612 00:15:06,010 --> 00:15:06,020 the object and of course we wouldn't see 613 00:15:06,020 --> 00:15:07,180 the object and of course we wouldn't see the crater then because it would really 614 00:15:07,180 --> 00:15:07,190 the crater then because it would really 615 00:15:07,190 --> 00:15:10,200 the crater then because it would really like a kind of a giant ball of sand and 616 00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:10,210 like a kind of a giant ball of sand and 617 00:15:10,210 --> 00:15:12,490 like a kind of a giant ball of sand and in the case of Tethys there's another 618 00:15:12,490 --> 00:15:12,500 in the case of Tethys there's another 619 00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:14,680 in the case of Tethys there's another very large crater even larger than the 620 00:15:14,680 --> 00:15:14,690 very large crater even larger than the 621 00:15:14,690 --> 00:15:15,320 very large crater even larger than the one on 622 00:15:15,320 --> 00:15:15,330 one on 623 00:15:15,330 --> 00:15:19,430 one on - but in that case notice the floor has 624 00:15:19,430 --> 00:15:19,440 - but in that case notice the floor has 625 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:22,460 - but in that case notice the floor has is now rounded out so that it is curved 626 00:15:22,460 --> 00:15:22,470 is now rounded out so that it is curved 627 00:15:22,470 --> 00:15:26,240 is now rounded out so that it is curved as the rest of the object slain is the 628 00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:26,250 as the rest of the object slain is the 629 00:15:26,250 --> 00:15:28,250 as the rest of the object slain is the case of Diana you'll notice that most of 630 00:15:28,250 --> 00:15:28,260 case of Diana you'll notice that most of 631 00:15:28,260 --> 00:15:31,670 case of Diana you'll notice that most of the surface is pretty bland and only in 632 00:15:31,670 --> 00:15:31,680 the surface is pretty bland and only in 633 00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:33,380 the surface is pretty bland and only in this one region near the trailing 634 00:15:33,380 --> 00:15:33,390 this one region near the trailing 635 00:15:33,390 --> 00:15:37,730 this one region near the trailing hemisphere do we see a lot of detail on 636 00:15:37,730 --> 00:15:37,740 hemisphere do we see a lot of detail on 637 00:15:37,740 --> 00:15:39,470 hemisphere do we see a lot of detail on the surface here we see a lot of Criss 638 00:15:39,470 --> 00:15:39,480 the surface here we see a lot of Criss 639 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:42,079 the surface here we see a lot of Criss crossing faults with wispy bright 640 00:15:42,079 --> 00:15:42,089 crossing faults with wispy bright 641 00:15:42,089 --> 00:15:44,920 crossing faults with wispy bright markings around them finally we look at 642 00:15:44,920 --> 00:15:44,930 markings around them finally we look at 643 00:15:44,930 --> 00:15:47,720 markings around them finally we look at Enceladus we're talking about very cold 644 00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:47,730 Enceladus we're talking about very cold 645 00:15:47,730 --> 00:15:50,750 Enceladus we're talking about very cold regions and here we are with this little 646 00:15:50,750 --> 00:15:50,760 regions and here we are with this little 647 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:54,079 regions and here we are with this little tiny object showing geologic activity of 648 00:15:54,079 --> 00:15:54,089 tiny object showing geologic activity of 649 00:15:54,089 --> 00:15:56,600 tiny object showing geologic activity of the scale that Enceladus does in which 650 00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:56,610 the scale that Enceladus does in which 651 00:15:56,610 --> 00:15:59,269 the scale that Enceladus does in which the ancient cratered terrain has been 652 00:15:59,269 --> 00:15:59,279 the ancient cratered terrain has been 653 00:15:59,279 --> 00:16:02,180 the ancient cratered terrain has been broken and has collapsed into the 654 00:16:02,180 --> 00:16:02,190 broken and has collapsed into the 655 00:16:02,190 --> 00:16:04,880 broken and has collapsed into the interior fluids have flowed out into 656 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:04,890 interior fluids have flowed out into 657 00:16:04,890 --> 00:16:08,650 interior fluids have flowed out into those open gashes in the crust 658 00:16:08,650 --> 00:16:08,660 those open gashes in the crust 659 00:16:08,660 --> 00:16:17,090 those open gashes in the crust repeatedly well after we got Voyager 1 660 00:16:17,090 --> 00:16:17,100 repeatedly well after we got Voyager 1 661 00:16:17,100 --> 00:16:20,569 repeatedly well after we got Voyager 1 to Saturn we went back to NASA and said 662 00:16:20,569 --> 00:16:20,579 to Saturn we went back to NASA and said 663 00:16:20,579 --> 00:16:23,690 to Saturn we went back to NASA and said we have now satisfied all of the 664 00:16:23,690 --> 00:16:23,700 we have now satisfied all of the 665 00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:26,030 we have now satisfied all of the objectives for the MJS for the Voyager 666 00:16:26,030 --> 00:16:26,040 objectives for the MJS for the Voyager 667 00:16:26,040 --> 00:16:29,139 objectives for the MJS for the Voyager mission how about giving us money and 668 00:16:29,139 --> 00:16:29,149 mission how about giving us money and 669 00:16:29,149 --> 00:16:32,480 mission how about giving us money and giving us permission to target Voyager 670 00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:32,490 giving us permission to target Voyager 671 00:16:32,490 --> 00:16:35,030 giving us permission to target Voyager to tweak its trajectory just a little 672 00:16:35,030 --> 00:16:35,040 to tweak its trajectory just a little 673 00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:37,400 to tweak its trajectory just a little bit so that we can go on to Uranus it 674 00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:37,410 bit so that we can go on to Uranus it 675 00:16:37,410 --> 00:16:41,000 bit so that we can go on to Uranus it was a penalty for this the data that we 676 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:41,010 was a penalty for this the data that we 677 00:16:41,010 --> 00:16:42,270 was a penalty for this the data that we got 678 00:16:42,270 --> 00:16:42,280 got 679 00:16:42,280 --> 00:16:44,670 got the quality of the mission at Saturn was 680 00:16:44,670 --> 00:16:44,680 the quality of the mission at Saturn was 681 00:16:44,680 --> 00:16:47,580 the quality of the mission at Saturn was a little bit less if we targeted for 682 00:16:47,580 --> 00:16:47,590 a little bit less if we targeted for 683 00:16:47,590 --> 00:16:49,680 a little bit less if we targeted for Uranus and it would be if we optimized 684 00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:49,690 Uranus and it would be if we optimized 685 00:16:49,690 --> 00:16:52,620 Uranus and it would be if we optimized percent and we bared all those facts to 686 00:16:52,620 --> 00:16:52,630 percent and we bared all those facts to 687 00:16:52,630 --> 00:16:56,370 percent and we bared all those facts to NASA we told them that it was maybe a 60 688 00:16:56,370 --> 00:16:56,380 NASA we told them that it was maybe a 60 689 00:16:56,380 --> 00:16:58,140 NASA we told them that it was maybe a 60 70 percent chance but we thought it was 690 00:16:58,140 --> 00:16:58,150 70 percent chance but we thought it was 691 00:16:58,150 --> 00:16:59,640 70 percent chance but we thought it was worth it and I guess we were pretty 692 00:16:59,640 --> 00:16:59,650 worth it and I guess we were pretty 693 00:16:59,650 --> 00:17:01,760 worth it and I guess we were pretty persuasive because they bought the idea 694 00:17:01,760 --> 00:17:01,770 persuasive because they bought the idea 695 00:17:01,770 --> 00:17:04,500 persuasive because they bought the idea soon after Voyager twos closest approach 696 00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:04,510 soon after Voyager twos closest approach 697 00:17:04,510 --> 00:17:07,620 soon after Voyager twos closest approach to Saturn in fact while it was behind 698 00:17:07,620 --> 00:17:07,630 to Saturn in fact while it was behind 699 00:17:07,630 --> 00:17:11,790 to Saturn in fact while it was behind the planet its scan platform got stuck 700 00:17:11,790 --> 00:17:11,800 the planet its scan platform got stuck 701 00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:14,970 the planet its scan platform got stuck at a mechanical failure and we weren't 702 00:17:14,970 --> 00:17:14,980 at a mechanical failure and we weren't 703 00:17:14,980 --> 00:17:18,600 at a mechanical failure and we weren't able to aim the cameras and the other 704 00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:18,610 able to aim the cameras and the other 705 00:17:18,610 --> 00:17:20,120 able to aim the cameras and the other pointable instruments on the spacecraft 706 00:17:20,120 --> 00:17:20,130 pointable instruments on the spacecraft 707 00:17:20,130 --> 00:17:24,540 pointable instruments on the spacecraft at the targets after several years we 708 00:17:24,540 --> 00:17:24,550 at the targets after several years we 709 00:17:24,550 --> 00:17:27,929 at the targets after several years we concluded that in fact during the Saturn 710 00:17:27,929 --> 00:17:27,939 concluded that in fact during the Saturn 711 00:17:27,939 --> 00:17:31,110 concluded that in fact during the Saturn encounter we had moved this platform too 712 00:17:31,110 --> 00:17:31,120 encounter we had moved this platform too 713 00:17:31,120 --> 00:17:36,240 encounter we had moved this platform too much too fast and that if we used the 714 00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:36,250 much too fast and that if we used the 715 00:17:36,250 --> 00:17:40,440 much too fast and that if we used the platform in a consistently slow at a 716 00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:40,450 platform in a consistently slow at a 717 00:17:40,450 --> 00:17:43,920 platform in a consistently slow at a slower rate and if we constrained the 718 00:17:43,920 --> 00:17:43,930 slower rate and if we constrained the 719 00:17:43,930 --> 00:17:46,920 slower rate and if we constrained the total amount of angular motion that we 720 00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:46,930 total amount of angular motion that we 721 00:17:46,930 --> 00:17:49,530 total amount of angular motion that we applied to the platform then in fact we 722 00:17:49,530 --> 00:17:49,540 applied to the platform then in fact we 723 00:17:49,540 --> 00:17:57,080 applied to the platform then in fact we would be in a pretty safe condition 724 00:17:57,080 --> 00:17:57,090 725 00:17:57,090 --> 00:18:00,570 Voyageur to the amazing robot spacecraft 726 00:18:00,570 --> 00:18:00,580 Voyageur to the amazing robot spacecraft 727 00:18:00,580 --> 00:18:02,220 Voyageur to the amazing robot spacecraft that was launched eight and a half years 728 00:18:02,220 --> 00:18:02,230 that was launched eight and a half years 729 00:18:02,230 --> 00:18:05,070 that was launched eight and a half years ago and just kept on going past yet 730 00:18:05,070 --> 00:18:05,080 ago and just kept on going past yet 731 00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:07,050 ago and just kept on going past yet another milestone today as it became the 732 00:18:07,050 --> 00:18:07,060 another milestone today as it became the 733 00:18:07,060 --> 00:18:09,420 another milestone today as it became the first spacecraft to fly past the planet 734 00:18:09,420 --> 00:18:09,430 first spacecraft to fly past the planet 735 00:18:09,430 --> 00:18:13,320 first spacecraft to fly past the planet Uranus Uranus is not a very photogenic 736 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:13,330 Uranus Uranus is not a very photogenic 737 00:18:13,330 --> 00:18:16,320 Uranus Uranus is not a very photogenic place it looks more or less like a big 738 00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:16,330 place it looks more or less like a big 739 00:18:16,330 --> 00:18:20,550 place it looks more or less like a big blue ping-pong ball but we did see 740 00:18:20,550 --> 00:18:20,560 blue ping-pong ball but we did see 741 00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:22,470 blue ping-pong ball but we did see clouds in the atmosphere of Uranus and 742 00:18:22,470 --> 00:18:22,480 clouds in the atmosphere of Uranus and 743 00:18:22,480 --> 00:18:23,910 clouds in the atmosphere of Uranus and they did tell us something 744 00:18:23,910 --> 00:18:23,920 they did tell us something 745 00:18:23,920 --> 00:18:29,310 they did tell us something in fact Uranus is a tipped-over version 746 00:18:29,310 --> 00:18:29,320 in fact Uranus is a tipped-over version 747 00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:34,200 in fact Uranus is a tipped-over version of Jupiter and Saturn the cloud patterns 748 00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:34,210 of Jupiter and Saturn the cloud patterns 749 00:18:34,210 --> 00:18:36,210 of Jupiter and Saturn the cloud patterns are more muted but they have the same 750 00:18:36,210 --> 00:18:36,220 are more muted but they have the same 751 00:18:36,220 --> 00:18:38,820 are more muted but they have the same kind of banded structure that Jupiter 752 00:18:38,820 --> 00:18:38,830 kind of banded structure that Jupiter 753 00:18:38,830 --> 00:18:41,460 kind of banded structure that Jupiter and Saturn have now what that says is 754 00:18:41,460 --> 00:18:41,470 and Saturn have now what that says is 755 00:18:41,470 --> 00:18:43,800 and Saturn have now what that says is that the spin of a planet is the 756 00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:43,810 that the spin of a planet is the 757 00:18:43,810 --> 00:18:48,750 that the spin of a planet is the all-important process or thing that 758 00:18:48,750 --> 00:18:48,760 all-important process or thing that 759 00:18:48,760 --> 00:18:51,840 all-important process or thing that organizes whether Uranus is a very 760 00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:51,850 organizes whether Uranus is a very 761 00:18:51,850 --> 00:18:53,250 organizes whether Uranus is a very peculiar plant in the sense it's tipped 762 00:18:53,250 --> 00:18:53,260 peculiar plant in the sense it's tipped 763 00:18:53,260 --> 00:18:56,370 peculiar plant in the sense it's tipped on its side right now with the south 764 00:18:56,370 --> 00:18:56,380 on its side right now with the south 765 00:18:56,380 --> 00:18:58,910 on its side right now with the south polar region headed pointed at the Sun 766 00:18:58,910 --> 00:18:58,920 polar region headed pointed at the Sun 767 00:18:58,920 --> 00:19:01,500 polar region headed pointed at the Sun we had expected that the magnetic field 768 00:19:01,500 --> 00:19:01,510 we had expected that the magnetic field 769 00:19:01,510 --> 00:19:03,900 we had expected that the magnetic field pole would also be up near the 770 00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:03,910 pole would also be up near the 771 00:19:03,910 --> 00:19:05,400 pole would also be up near the rotational axis so the magnetic field 772 00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:05,410 rotational axis so the magnetic field 773 00:19:05,410 --> 00:19:06,780 rotational axis so the magnetic field would be tipped on its side what we 774 00:19:06,780 --> 00:19:06,790 would be tipped on its side what we 775 00:19:06,790 --> 00:19:09,540 would be tipped on its side what we found was to everyone's surprise that 776 00:19:09,540 --> 00:19:09,550 found was to everyone's surprise that 777 00:19:09,550 --> 00:19:11,070 found was to everyone's surprise that the magnetic field rather than being 778 00:19:11,070 --> 00:19:11,080 the magnetic field rather than being 779 00:19:11,080 --> 00:19:13,560 the magnetic field rather than being pointed at the Sun was tilted some 60 780 00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:13,570 pointed at the Sun was tilted some 60 781 00:19:13,570 --> 00:19:16,020 pointed at the Sun was tilted some 60 degrees from the rotation axis not only 782 00:19:16,020 --> 00:19:16,030 degrees from the rotation axis not only 783 00:19:16,030 --> 00:19:17,460 degrees from the rotation axis not only that but the center of the magnetic 784 00:19:17,460 --> 00:19:17,470 that but the center of the magnetic 785 00:19:17,470 --> 00:19:19,140 that but the center of the magnetic field was displaced from the center of 786 00:19:19,140 --> 00:19:19,150 field was displaced from the center of 787 00:19:19,150 --> 00:19:21,510 field was displaced from the center of the planet by almost a third of the 788 00:19:21,510 --> 00:19:21,520 the planet by almost a third of the 789 00:19:21,520 --> 00:19:23,910 the planet by almost a third of the radius of the planet Uranus is magnetic 790 00:19:23,910 --> 00:19:23,920 radius of the planet Uranus is magnetic 791 00:19:23,920 --> 00:19:27,570 radius of the planet Uranus is magnetic field is a bit stronger than that on on 792 00:19:27,570 --> 00:19:27,580 field is a bit stronger than that on on 793 00:19:27,580 --> 00:19:31,620 field is a bit stronger than that on on Saturn and it extends some 300,000 miles 794 00:19:31,620 --> 00:19:31,630 Saturn and it extends some 300,000 miles 795 00:19:31,630 --> 00:19:34,860 Saturn and it extends some 300,000 miles from the planet the rotation period that 796 00:19:34,860 --> 00:19:34,870 from the planet the rotation period that 797 00:19:34,870 --> 00:19:36,210 from the planet the rotation period that is the length of the day on you and this 798 00:19:36,210 --> 00:19:36,220 is the length of the day on you and this 799 00:19:36,220 --> 00:19:37,800 is the length of the day on you and this is measured by how rapidly the magnetic 800 00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:37,810 is measured by how rapidly the magnetic 801 00:19:37,810 --> 00:19:40,770 is measured by how rapidly the magnetic field rotating is about 17 and a quarter 802 00:19:40,770 --> 00:19:40,780 field rotating is about 17 and a quarter 803 00:19:40,780 --> 00:19:43,890 field rotating is about 17 and a quarter hours the big problem going on to Uranus 804 00:19:43,890 --> 00:19:43,900 hours the big problem going on to Uranus 805 00:19:43,900 --> 00:19:45,660 hours the big problem going on to Uranus is that it's twice as far away from the 806 00:19:45,660 --> 00:19:45,670 is that it's twice as far away from the 807 00:19:45,670 --> 00:19:48,420 is that it's twice as far away from the earth as Saturn is in order to 808 00:19:48,420 --> 00:19:48,430 earth as Saturn is in order to 809 00:19:48,430 --> 00:19:50,730 earth as Saturn is in order to compensate for the the darker 810 00:19:50,730 --> 00:19:50,740 compensate for the the darker 811 00:19:50,740 --> 00:19:56,190 compensate for the the darker environment we had to make sure that the 812 00:19:56,190 --> 00:19:56,200 environment we had to make sure that the 813 00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,370 environment we had to make sure that the spacecraft would be steadier and to make 814 00:19:59,370 --> 00:19:59,380 spacecraft would be steadier and to make 815 00:19:59,380 --> 00:20:01,500 spacecraft would be steadier and to make the spacecraft steadier we had to deal 816 00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:01,510 the spacecraft steadier we had to deal 817 00:20:01,510 --> 00:20:03,660 the spacecraft steadier we had to deal with the things that made the spacecraft 818 00:20:03,660 --> 00:20:03,670 with the things that made the spacecraft 819 00:20:03,670 --> 00:20:05,010 with the things that made the spacecraft move well 820 00:20:05,010 --> 00:20:05,020 move well 821 00:20:05,020 --> 00:20:07,200 move well flying through space the Iranian rings 822 00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:07,210 flying through space the Iranian rings 823 00:20:07,210 --> 00:20:09,690 flying through space the Iranian rings are inherently dark in fact they are no 824 00:20:09,690 --> 00:20:09,700 are inherently dark in fact they are no 825 00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:15,780 are inherently dark in fact they are no brighter than coal dust so imagine 826 00:20:15,780 --> 00:20:15,790 brighter than coal dust so imagine 827 00:20:15,790 --> 00:20:17,790 brighter than coal dust so imagine trying to take an image of coal dust at 828 00:20:17,790 --> 00:20:17,800 trying to take an image of coal dust at 829 00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:19,650 trying to take an image of coal dust at Twilight but it's even worse than that 830 00:20:19,650 --> 00:20:19,660 Twilight but it's even worse than that 831 00:20:19,660 --> 00:20:26,070 Twilight but it's even worse than that so we had to worry about the necessity 832 00:20:26,070 --> 00:20:26,080 so we had to worry about the necessity 833 00:20:26,080 --> 00:20:30,510 so we had to worry about the necessity of using long exposures and the fact 834 00:20:30,510 --> 00:20:30,520 of using long exposures and the fact 835 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:33,750 of using long exposures and the fact that the spacecraft scan platform is not 836 00:20:33,750 --> 00:20:33,760 that the spacecraft scan platform is not 837 00:20:33,760 --> 00:20:35,760 that the spacecraft scan platform is not a stable platform and always move 838 00:20:35,760 --> 00:20:35,770 a stable platform and always move 839 00:20:35,770 --> 00:20:38,520 a stable platform and always move someone best image that we got in fact 840 00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:38,530 someone best image that we got in fact 841 00:20:38,530 --> 00:20:41,370 someone best image that we got in fact of the Iranian ring system we had to use 842 00:20:41,370 --> 00:20:41,380 of the Iranian ring system we had to use 843 00:20:41,380 --> 00:20:43,830 of the Iranian ring system we had to use image motion compensation what we saw in 844 00:20:43,830 --> 00:20:43,840 image motion compensation what we saw in 845 00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:49,370 image motion compensation what we saw in that image is a sheet of dust that 846 00:20:49,370 --> 00:20:49,380 that image is a sheet of dust that 847 00:20:49,380 --> 00:20:51,390 that image is a sheet of dust that extends throughout the iranian ring 848 00:20:51,390 --> 00:20:51,400 extends throughout the iranian ring 849 00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:54,630 extends throughout the iranian ring system and this sheet of dust is 850 00:20:54,630 --> 00:20:54,640 system and this sheet of dust is 851 00:20:54,640 --> 00:20:57,450 system and this sheet of dust is punctuated by by features many of them 852 00:20:57,450 --> 00:20:57,460 punctuated by by features many of them 853 00:20:57,460 --> 00:21:00,270 punctuated by by features many of them there are more features in that picture 854 00:21:00,270 --> 00:21:00,280 there are more features in that picture 855 00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:03,570 there are more features in that picture than there are rings seen from inbound 856 00:21:03,570 --> 00:21:03,580 than there are rings seen from inbound 857 00:21:03,580 --> 00:21:05,730 than there are rings seen from inbound so we have nine narrow rings seen in the 858 00:21:05,730 --> 00:21:05,740 so we have nine narrow rings seen in the 859 00:21:05,740 --> 00:21:08,130 so we have nine narrow rings seen in the inbound images and one newly discovered 860 00:21:08,130 --> 00:21:08,140 inbound images and one newly discovered 861 00:21:08,140 --> 00:21:11,910 inbound images and one newly discovered one the lambda ring as a matter of fact 862 00:21:11,910 --> 00:21:11,920 one the lambda ring as a matter of fact 863 00:21:11,920 --> 00:21:13,590 one the lambda ring as a matter of fact if we had our choice we never would have 864 00:21:13,590 --> 00:21:13,600 if we had our choice we never would have 865 00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,320 if we had our choice we never would have gone close to Miranda in order to get to 866 00:21:16,320 --> 00:21:16,330 gone close to Miranda in order to get to 867 00:21:16,330 --> 00:21:20,280 gone close to Miranda in order to get to Neptune we were obliged to go a 868 00:21:20,280 --> 00:21:20,290 Neptune we were obliged to go a 869 00:21:20,290 --> 00:21:24,060 Neptune we were obliged to go a particular distance from Uranus in order 870 00:21:24,060 --> 00:21:24,070 particular distance from Uranus in order 871 00:21:24,070 --> 00:21:25,590 particular distance from Uranus in order to get the right gravitational 872 00:21:25,590 --> 00:21:25,600 to get the right gravitational 873 00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:27,450 to get the right gravitational deflection on the spacecraft well turned 874 00:21:27,450 --> 00:21:27,460 deflection on the spacecraft well turned 875 00:21:27,460 --> 00:21:29,970 deflection on the spacecraft well turned out that that distance was exactly the 876 00:21:29,970 --> 00:21:29,980 out that that distance was exactly the 877 00:21:29,980 --> 00:21:31,940 out that that distance was exactly the distance that Miranda's orbit is from 878 00:21:31,940 --> 00:21:31,950 distance that Miranda's orbit is from 879 00:21:31,950 --> 00:21:34,830 distance that Miranda's orbit is from Uranus it is a very exotic and 880 00:21:34,830 --> 00:21:34,840 Uranus it is a very exotic and 881 00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:37,650 Uranus it is a very exotic and complicated place most of the regions 882 00:21:37,650 --> 00:21:37,660 complicated place most of the regions 883 00:21:37,660 --> 00:21:41,100 complicated place most of the regions that we viewed are heavily cratered cold 884 00:21:41,100 --> 00:21:41,110 that we viewed are heavily cratered cold 885 00:21:41,110 --> 00:21:45,600 that we viewed are heavily cratered cold rolling in chatterings but embedded in 886 00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:45,610 rolling in chatterings but embedded in 887 00:21:45,610 --> 00:21:49,880 rolling in chatterings but embedded in these are very unusual circular patches 888 00:21:49,880 --> 00:21:49,890 these are very unusual circular patches 889 00:21:49,890 --> 00:21:53,190 these are very unusual circular patches almost like racetracks of groove 890 00:21:53,190 --> 00:21:53,200 almost like racetracks of groove 891 00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:54,900 almost like racetracks of groove terrains that run around in circular 892 00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:54,910 terrains that run around in circular 893 00:21:54,910 --> 00:21:58,260 terrains that run around in circular bands surrounding very complicated Criss 894 00:21:58,260 --> 00:21:58,270 bands surrounding very complicated Criss 895 00:21:58,270 --> 00:22:03,200 bands surrounding very complicated Criss crossing structures in the interiors 896 00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:03,210 897 00:22:03,210 --> 00:22:06,360 we address the the question what can we 898 00:22:06,360 --> 00:22:06,370 we address the the question what can we 899 00:22:06,370 --> 00:22:09,659 we address the the question what can we do to hear the data better we did come 900 00:22:09,659 --> 00:22:09,669 do to hear the data better we did come 901 00:22:09,669 --> 00:22:11,519 do to hear the data better we did come up with a technique called a rang where 902 00:22:11,519 --> 00:22:11,529 up with a technique called a rang where 903 00:22:11,529 --> 00:22:15,440 up with a technique called a rang where we took existing antennas and 904 00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:15,450 we took existing antennas and 905 00:22:15,450 --> 00:22:17,880 we took existing antennas and electronically wired them together so 906 00:22:17,880 --> 00:22:17,890 electronically wired them together so 907 00:22:17,890 --> 00:22:20,100 electronically wired them together so that in fact it had the appearance of 908 00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:20,110 that in fact it had the appearance of 909 00:22:20,110 --> 00:22:23,909 that in fact it had the appearance of being one larger antenna and we did that 910 00:22:23,909 --> 00:22:23,919 being one larger antenna and we did that 911 00:22:23,919 --> 00:22:26,250 being one larger antenna and we did that in Australia the primary receiving site 912 00:22:26,250 --> 00:22:26,260 in Australia the primary receiving site 913 00:22:26,260 --> 00:22:30,690 in Australia the primary receiving site at Uranus and combined the DSN stations 914 00:22:30,690 --> 00:22:30,700 at Uranus and combined the DSN stations 915 00:22:30,700 --> 00:22:33,600 at Uranus and combined the DSN stations with a borrowed antenna from the 916 00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:33,610 with a borrowed antenna from the 917 00:22:33,610 --> 00:22:34,950 with a borrowed antenna from the Australian radio at Radio Astronomy 918 00:22:34,950 --> 00:22:34,960 Australian radio at Radio Astronomy 919 00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:42,950 Australian radio at Radio Astronomy community at Parkes I stand by part 920 00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:42,960 921 00:22:42,960 --> 00:22:45,389 while we were moving from uranus and 922 00:22:45,389 --> 00:22:45,399 while we were moving from uranus and 923 00:22:45,399 --> 00:22:46,860 while we were moving from uranus and neptune on the ground we had two major 924 00:22:46,860 --> 00:22:46,870 neptune on the ground we had two major 925 00:22:46,870 --> 00:22:48,240 neptune on the ground we had two major things to do first of all we 926 00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:48,250 things to do first of all we 927 00:22:48,250 --> 00:22:50,070 things to do first of all we reprogrammed the software and board the 928 00:22:50,070 --> 00:22:50,080 reprogrammed the software and board the 929 00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:52,860 reprogrammed the software and board the spacecraft to do two things to stabilise 930 00:22:52,860 --> 00:22:52,870 spacecraft to do two things to stabilise 931 00:22:52,870 --> 00:22:54,810 spacecraft to do two things to stabilise the spacecraft so the pictures would not 932 00:22:54,810 --> 00:22:54,820 the spacecraft so the pictures would not 933 00:22:54,820 --> 00:22:56,639 the spacecraft so the pictures would not be smeared and to add some new 934 00:22:56,639 --> 00:22:56,649 be smeared and to add some new 935 00:22:56,649 --> 00:22:58,200 be smeared and to add some new techniques to the spacecraft it will 936 00:22:58,200 --> 00:22:58,210 techniques to the spacecraft it will 937 00:22:58,210 --> 00:23:00,990 techniques to the spacecraft it will allow it to pan and track the planet 938 00:23:00,990 --> 00:23:01,000 allow it to pan and track the planet 939 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:02,279 allow it to pan and track the planet when we were taking pictures near the 940 00:23:02,279 --> 00:23:02,289 when we were taking pictures near the 941 00:23:02,289 --> 00:23:04,470 when we were taking pictures near the planet second thing we had to do is 942 00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:04,480 planet second thing we had to do is 943 00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:07,200 planet second thing we had to do is improve the communications capability we 944 00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:07,210 improve the communications capability we 945 00:23:07,210 --> 00:23:09,029 improve the communications capability we did that since the since neptune is 946 00:23:09,029 --> 00:23:09,039 did that since the since neptune is 947 00:23:09,039 --> 00:23:10,889 did that since the since neptune is twice as far away from the communication 948 00:23:10,889 --> 00:23:10,899 twice as far away from the communication 949 00:23:10,899 --> 00:23:13,289 twice as far away from the communication standpoint as uranus we did that by 950 00:23:13,289 --> 00:23:13,299 standpoint as uranus we did that by 951 00:23:13,299 --> 00:23:15,120 standpoint as uranus we did that by enlarging the size the antennas on the 952 00:23:15,120 --> 00:23:15,130 enlarging the size the antennas on the 953 00:23:15,130 --> 00:23:17,430 enlarging the size the antennas on the earth and by adding several new sets of 954 00:23:17,430 --> 00:23:17,440 earth and by adding several new sets of 955 00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:19,710 earth and by adding several new sets of antennas into our deep space network to 956 00:23:19,710 --> 00:23:19,720 antennas into our deep space network to 957 00:23:19,720 --> 00:23:27,160 antennas into our deep space network to help compensate for the distance 958 00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:27,170 959 00:23:27,170 --> 00:23:29,830 it is mission accomplished for Voyager - 960 00:23:29,830 --> 00:23:29,840 it is mission accomplished for Voyager - 961 00:23:29,840 --> 00:23:31,840 it is mission accomplished for Voyager - the space probe is headed out of the 962 00:23:31,840 --> 00:23:31,850 the space probe is headed out of the 963 00:23:31,850 --> 00:23:34,090 the space probe is headed out of the solar system tonight after photographing 964 00:23:34,090 --> 00:23:34,100 solar system tonight after photographing 965 00:23:34,100 --> 00:23:35,890 solar system tonight after photographing parts of the universe no one had ever 966 00:23:35,890 --> 00:23:35,900 parts of the universe no one had ever 967 00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:40,120 parts of the universe no one had ever seen before now we had some hints from 968 00:23:40,120 --> 00:23:40,130 seen before now we had some hints from 969 00:23:40,130 --> 00:23:42,970 seen before now we had some hints from earth-based observations that Neptune 970 00:23:42,970 --> 00:23:42,980 earth-based observations that Neptune 971 00:23:42,980 --> 00:23:46,780 earth-based observations that Neptune had a few clouds and it was that was 972 00:23:46,780 --> 00:23:46,790 had a few clouds and it was that was 973 00:23:46,790 --> 00:23:49,990 had a few clouds and it was that was better than Uranus but we really weren't 974 00:23:49,990 --> 00:23:50,000 better than Uranus but we really weren't 975 00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:52,900 better than Uranus but we really weren't prepared for the spectacular weather 976 00:23:52,900 --> 00:23:52,910 prepared for the spectacular weather 977 00:23:52,910 --> 00:23:56,520 prepared for the spectacular weather activity that was found in fact 978 00:23:56,520 --> 00:23:56,530 activity that was found in fact 979 00:23:56,530 --> 00:23:58,750 activity that was found in fact Neptune's the windiest planet in the 980 00:23:58,750 --> 00:23:58,760 Neptune's the windiest planet in the 981 00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:00,610 Neptune's the windiest planet in the solar system and I was totally 982 00:24:00,610 --> 00:24:00,620 solar system and I was totally 983 00:24:00,620 --> 00:24:07,000 solar system and I was totally unprepared for that the winds are 325 984 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:07,010 unprepared for that the winds are 325 985 00:24:07,010 --> 00:24:09,940 unprepared for that the winds are 325 meters per second that's the speed that 986 00:24:09,940 --> 00:24:09,950 meters per second that's the speed that 987 00:24:09,950 --> 00:24:13,450 meters per second that's the speed that the great dark spot is moving relative 988 00:24:13,450 --> 00:24:13,460 the great dark spot is moving relative 989 00:24:13,460 --> 00:24:16,930 the great dark spot is moving relative to the inside of Neptune everything's 990 00:24:16,930 --> 00:24:16,940 to the inside of Neptune everything's 991 00:24:16,940 --> 00:24:18,520 to the inside of Neptune everything's going to the east but the great dark 992 00:24:18,520 --> 00:24:18,530 going to the east but the great dark 993 00:24:18,530 --> 00:24:21,000 going to the east but the great dark spot is going more slowly to the east 994 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:21,010 spot is going more slowly to the east 995 00:24:21,010 --> 00:24:24,820 spot is going more slowly to the east than the inside of mention we had 996 00:24:24,820 --> 00:24:24,830 than the inside of mention we had 997 00:24:24,830 --> 00:24:27,580 than the inside of mention we had expected because Neptune does is not 998 00:24:27,580 --> 00:24:27,590 expected because Neptune does is not 999 00:24:27,590 --> 00:24:29,440 expected because Neptune does is not tipped on its side as a planet but is an 1000 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:29,450 tipped on its side as a planet but is an 1001 00:24:29,450 --> 00:24:31,570 tipped on its side as a planet but is an upright planet that the magnetic field 1002 00:24:31,570 --> 00:24:31,580 upright planet that the magnetic field 1003 00:24:31,580 --> 00:24:33,760 upright planet that the magnetic field acts with axis would be aligned with the 1004 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:33,770 acts with axis would be aligned with the 1005 00:24:33,770 --> 00:24:36,130 acts with axis would be aligned with the rotation axis that is the poles would be 1006 00:24:36,130 --> 00:24:36,140 rotation axis that is the poles would be 1007 00:24:36,140 --> 00:24:37,930 rotation axis that is the poles would be near the rotational pole we were 1008 00:24:37,930 --> 00:24:37,940 near the rotational pole we were 1009 00:24:37,940 --> 00:24:40,180 near the rotational pole we were surprised again the magnetic field is 1010 00:24:40,180 --> 00:24:40,190 surprised again the magnetic field is 1011 00:24:40,190 --> 00:24:42,640 surprised again the magnetic field is tilted by 47 degrees in the case of 1012 00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:42,650 tilted by 47 degrees in the case of 1013 00:24:42,650 --> 00:24:44,560 tilted by 47 degrees in the case of Neptune and it's center of the magnetic 1014 00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:44,570 Neptune and it's center of the magnetic 1015 00:24:44,570 --> 00:24:46,750 Neptune and it's center of the magnetic field is offset by almost two-thirds of 1016 00:24:46,750 --> 00:24:46,760 field is offset by almost two-thirds of 1017 00:24:46,760 --> 00:24:49,630 field is offset by almost two-thirds of the radius of the planet its magnetic 1018 00:24:49,630 --> 00:24:49,640 the radius of the planet its magnetic 1019 00:24:49,640 --> 00:24:51,460 the radius of the planet its magnetic field is somewhat weaker only about half 1020 00:24:51,460 --> 00:24:51,470 field is somewhat weaker only about half 1021 00:24:51,470 --> 00:24:53,650 field is somewhat weaker only about half of that of Saturn's for instance at the 1022 00:24:53,650 --> 00:24:53,660 of that of Saturn's for instance at the 1023 00:24:53,660 --> 00:24:56,230 of that of Saturn's for instance at the surface and its magnetic field extends 1024 00:24:56,230 --> 00:24:56,240 surface and its magnetic field extends 1025 00:24:56,240 --> 00:24:58,360 surface and its magnetic field extends only about 400,000 miles from its 1026 00:24:58,360 --> 00:24:58,370 only about 400,000 miles from its 1027 00:24:58,370 --> 00:25:00,910 only about 400,000 miles from its surface we did discover that the 1028 00:25:00,910 --> 00:25:00,920 surface we did discover that the 1029 00:25:00,920 --> 00:25:04,270 surface we did discover that the rotation period of the magnetic field is 1030 00:25:04,270 --> 00:25:04,280 rotation period of the magnetic field is 1031 00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:07,810 rotation period of the magnetic field is about 16 and hours and 7 minutes faster 1032 00:25:07,810 --> 00:25:07,820 about 16 and hours and 7 minutes faster 1033 00:25:07,820 --> 00:25:10,360 about 16 and hours and 7 minutes faster than Uranus but slower than both Cupit 1034 00:25:10,360 --> 00:25:10,370 than Uranus but slower than both Cupit 1035 00:25:10,370 --> 00:25:17,610 than Uranus but slower than both Cupit ER and Saturn 1036 00:25:17,610 --> 00:25:17,620 1037 00:25:17,620 --> 00:25:23,710 yes I'd like to report the scam as we 1038 00:25:23,710 --> 00:25:23,720 yes I'd like to report the scam as we 1039 00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:24,880 yes I'd like to report the scam as we approach Neptune we were approaching 1040 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:24,890 approach Neptune we were approaching 1041 00:25:24,890 --> 00:25:26,170 approach Neptune we were approaching with the Sun and the earth almost 1042 00:25:26,170 --> 00:25:26,180 with the Sun and the earth almost 1043 00:25:26,180 --> 00:25:28,000 with the Sun and the earth almost directly behind us so you can see we're 1044 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:28,010 directly behind us so you can see we're 1045 00:25:28,010 --> 00:25:30,430 directly behind us so you can see we're virtually a full disk of Neptune and we 1046 00:25:30,430 --> 00:25:30,440 virtually a full disk of Neptune and we 1047 00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:32,710 virtually a full disk of Neptune and we aimed to go right over the North Pole 1048 00:25:32,710 --> 00:25:32,720 aimed to go right over the North Pole 1049 00:25:32,720 --> 00:25:35,530 aimed to go right over the North Pole right up over the top of Neptune very 1050 00:25:35,530 --> 00:25:35,540 right up over the top of Neptune very 1051 00:25:35,540 --> 00:25:37,600 right up over the top of Neptune very very close to Neptune the trajectory is 1052 00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:37,610 very close to Neptune the trajectory is 1053 00:25:37,610 --> 00:25:40,600 very close to Neptune the trajectory is then bent by gravity moved south and we 1054 00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:40,610 then bent by gravity moved south and we 1055 00:25:40,610 --> 00:25:43,270 then bent by gravity moved south and we intercepted Triton while it was behind 1056 00:25:43,270 --> 00:25:43,280 intercepted Triton while it was behind 1057 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:47,590 intercepted Triton while it was behind the up tun and underneath it well as we 1058 00:25:47,590 --> 00:25:47,600 the up tun and underneath it well as we 1059 00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:50,590 the up tun and underneath it well as we got closer and closer to Triton it got 1060 00:25:50,590 --> 00:25:50,600 got closer and closer to Triton it got 1061 00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:54,400 got closer and closer to Triton it got smaller and smaller and smaller and at 1062 00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:54,410 smaller and smaller and smaller and at 1063 00:25:54,410 --> 00:25:55,720 smaller and smaller and smaller and at the same time brighter and brighter 1064 00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:55,730 the same time brighter and brighter 1065 00:25:55,730 --> 00:25:57,400 the same time brighter and brighter turned out to be the brightest thing 1066 00:25:57,400 --> 00:25:57,410 turned out to be the brightest thing 1067 00:25:57,410 --> 00:25:59,770 turned out to be the brightest thing we've seen in the solar system north of 1068 00:25:59,770 --> 00:25:59,780 we've seen in the solar system north of 1069 00:25:59,780 --> 00:26:02,140 we've seen in the solar system north of the polar cap in the North just above 1070 00:26:02,140 --> 00:26:02,150 the polar cap in the North just above 1071 00:26:02,150 --> 00:26:04,240 the polar cap in the North just above the equator we find one thing we call 1072 00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:04,250 the equator we find one thing we call 1073 00:26:04,250 --> 00:26:09,250 the equator we find one thing we call the cantaloupe terrain it has a system 1074 00:26:09,250 --> 00:26:09,260 the cantaloupe terrain it has a system 1075 00:26:09,260 --> 00:26:15,040 the cantaloupe terrain it has a system of criss-crossing ridges which produce a 1076 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:15,050 of criss-crossing ridges which produce a 1077 00:26:15,050 --> 00:26:17,590 of criss-crossing ridges which produce a set of almost squarish to ovoid dimples 1078 00:26:17,590 --> 00:26:17,600 set of almost squarish to ovoid dimples 1079 00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:20,620 set of almost squarish to ovoid dimples throughout the surface now we're talking 1080 00:26:20,620 --> 00:26:20,630 throughout the surface now we're talking 1081 00:26:20,630 --> 00:26:23,140 throughout the surface now we're talking about a surface which is 37 degrees 1082 00:26:23,140 --> 00:26:23,150 about a surface which is 37 degrees 1083 00:26:23,150 --> 00:26:25,390 about a surface which is 37 degrees above absolute zero this is a coldest 1084 00:26:25,390 --> 00:26:25,400 above absolute zero this is a coldest 1085 00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:28,110 above absolute zero this is a coldest thing in the solar system by far even 1086 00:26:28,110 --> 00:26:28,120 thing in the solar system by far even 1087 00:26:28,120 --> 00:26:30,880 thing in the solar system by far even the cold atmospheres of things like 1088 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:30,890 the cold atmospheres of things like 1089 00:26:30,890 --> 00:26:35,800 the cold atmospheres of things like Neptune are warmer it was unthinkable to 1090 00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:35,810 Neptune are warmer it was unthinkable to 1091 00:26:35,810 --> 00:26:40,690 Neptune are warmer it was unthinkable to find activity going on a planet whose 1092 00:26:40,690 --> 00:26:40,700 find activity going on a planet whose 1093 00:26:40,700 --> 00:26:43,150 find activity going on a planet whose surface temperature is that low I mean 1094 00:26:43,150 --> 00:26:43,160 surface temperature is that low I mean 1095 00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:44,410 surface temperature is that low I mean this is getting down a point with 1096 00:26:44,410 --> 00:26:44,420 this is getting down a point with 1097 00:26:44,420 --> 00:26:47,230 this is getting down a point with molecules stop it was about a month 1098 00:26:47,230 --> 00:26:47,240 molecules stop it was about a month 1099 00:26:47,240 --> 00:26:50,680 molecules stop it was about a month after the Reuter encounter that we were 1100 00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:50,690 after the Reuter encounter that we were 1101 00:26:50,690 --> 00:26:56,020 after the Reuter encounter that we were looking at stereo images way down in the 1102 00:26:56,020 --> 00:26:56,030 looking at stereo images way down in the 1103 00:26:56,030 --> 00:26:59,830 looking at stereo images way down in the southern most part of tritons polar cap 1104 00:26:59,830 --> 00:26:59,840 southern most part of tritons polar cap 1105 00:26:59,840 --> 00:27:04,600 southern most part of tritons polar cap and we saw most of the features lined up 1106 00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:04,610 and we saw most of the features lined up 1107 00:27:04,610 --> 00:27:06,130 and we saw most of the features lined up as if they were on a perfect sphere in 1108 00:27:06,130 --> 00:27:06,140 as if they were on a perfect sphere in 1109 00:27:06,140 --> 00:27:09,910 as if they were on a perfect sphere in fact the two best examples turn out to 1110 00:27:09,910 --> 00:27:09,920 fact the two best examples turn out to 1111 00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:13,270 fact the two best examples turn out to be active RUP shion's in which material 1112 00:27:13,270 --> 00:27:13,280 be active RUP shion's in which material 1113 00:27:13,280 --> 00:27:15,970 be active RUP shion's in which material is being blown from the surface in a 1114 00:27:15,970 --> 00:27:15,980 is being blown from the surface in a 1115 00:27:15,980 --> 00:27:19,630 is being blown from the surface in a vertical column to an altitude of 8 1116 00:27:19,630 --> 00:27:19,640 vertical column to an altitude of 8 1117 00:27:19,640 --> 00:27:21,600 vertical column to an altitude of 8 kilometers roughly 5 miles 1118 00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:21,610 kilometers roughly 5 miles 1119 00:27:21,610 --> 00:27:24,330 kilometers roughly 5 miles Roger discovered six new moons at 1120 00:27:24,330 --> 00:27:24,340 Roger discovered six new moons at 1121 00:27:24,340 --> 00:27:25,910 Roger discovered six new moons at Neptune 1122 00:27:25,910 --> 00:27:25,920 Neptune 1123 00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:28,880 Neptune two of them were found in the ring our 1124 00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:28,890 two of them were found in the ring our 1125 00:27:28,890 --> 00:27:33,740 two of them were found in the ring our core ring system orbiting along two of 1126 00:27:33,740 --> 00:27:33,750 core ring system orbiting along two of 1127 00:27:33,750 --> 00:27:37,180 core ring system orbiting along two of the ring arcs so apparently shepherding 1128 00:27:37,180 --> 00:27:37,190 the ring arcs so apparently shepherding 1129 00:27:37,190 --> 00:27:40,040 the ring arcs so apparently shepherding the edges of those ring arcs in some way 1130 00:27:40,040 --> 00:27:40,050 the edges of those ring arcs in some way 1131 00:27:40,050 --> 00:27:42,730 the edges of those ring arcs in some way when we look at Neptune's ring system as 1132 00:27:42,730 --> 00:27:42,740 when we look at Neptune's ring system as 1133 00:27:42,740 --> 00:27:46,960 when we look at Neptune's ring system as we can see here in this mosaic we see 1134 00:27:46,960 --> 00:27:46,970 we can see here in this mosaic we see 1135 00:27:46,970 --> 00:27:51,160 we can see here in this mosaic we see three continuous rings quite easily 1136 00:27:51,160 --> 00:27:51,170 three continuous rings quite easily 1137 00:27:51,170 --> 00:27:52,970 three continuous rings quite easily there is an outer ring 1138 00:27:52,970 --> 00:27:52,980 there is an outer ring 1139 00:27:52,980 --> 00:27:56,170 there is an outer ring it's the ring in which in fact the three 1140 00:27:56,170 --> 00:27:56,180 it's the ring in which in fact the three 1141 00:27:56,180 --> 00:27:59,180 it's the ring in which in fact the three arcs are embedded there's an inner ring 1142 00:27:59,180 --> 00:27:59,190 arcs are embedded there's an inner ring 1143 00:27:59,190 --> 00:28:01,910 arcs are embedded there's an inner ring which at in high phase geometry appears 1144 00:28:01,910 --> 00:28:01,920 which at in high phase geometry appears 1145 00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:05,300 which at in high phase geometry appears brighter than the outer ring that tells 1146 00:28:05,300 --> 00:28:05,310 brighter than the outer ring that tells 1147 00:28:05,310 --> 00:28:07,400 brighter than the outer ring that tells us right away it's dusty dustier than 1148 00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:07,410 us right away it's dusty dustier than 1149 00:28:07,410 --> 00:28:09,350 us right away it's dusty dustier than the outer ring and then we see an inner 1150 00:28:09,350 --> 00:28:09,360 the outer ring and then we see an inner 1151 00:28:09,360 --> 00:28:13,100 the outer ring and then we see an inner more diffuse ring at something like 42 1152 00:28:13,100 --> 00:28:13,110 more diffuse ring at something like 42 1153 00:28:13,110 --> 00:28:15,020 more diffuse ring at something like 42 thousand kilometers from the centre of 1154 00:28:15,020 --> 00:28:15,030 thousand kilometers from the centre of 1155 00:28:15,030 --> 00:28:18,650 thousand kilometers from the centre of this of the planet we believe now that 1156 00:28:18,650 --> 00:28:18,660 this of the planet we believe now that 1157 00:28:18,660 --> 00:28:20,000 this of the planet we believe now that we'll be able to communicate with 1158 00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:20,010 we'll be able to communicate with 1159 00:28:20,010 --> 00:28:22,400 we'll be able to communicate with Voyager essentially as long as it stays 1160 00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:22,410 Voyager essentially as long as it stays 1161 00:28:22,410 --> 00:28:24,980 Voyager essentially as long as it stays alive two things will probably stop its 1162 00:28:24,980 --> 00:28:24,990 alive two things will probably stop its 1163 00:28:24,990 --> 00:28:25,430 alive two things will probably stop its life 1164 00:28:25,430 --> 00:28:25,440 life 1165 00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:27,170 life first of all it has a power source on 1166 00:28:27,170 --> 00:28:27,180 first of all it has a power source on 1167 00:28:27,180 --> 00:28:28,940 first of all it has a power source on board which is a small nuclear power 1168 00:28:28,940 --> 00:28:28,950 board which is a small nuclear power 1169 00:28:28,950 --> 00:28:33,220 board which is a small nuclear power source called radioisotope thermal 1170 00:28:33,220 --> 00:28:33,230 1171 00:28:33,230 --> 00:28:36,170 radioactive decay of plutonium which 1172 00:28:36,170 --> 00:28:36,180 radioactive decay of plutonium which 1173 00:28:36,180 --> 00:28:37,760 radioactive decay of plutonium which generates heat which in turn is 1174 00:28:37,760 --> 00:28:37,770 generates heat which in turn is 1175 00:28:37,770 --> 00:28:40,280 generates heat which in turn is converted into electricity in about 20 1176 00:28:40,280 --> 00:28:40,290 converted into electricity in about 20 1177 00:28:40,290 --> 00:28:42,620 converted into electricity in about 20 to 25 years we expect to be low enough 1178 00:28:42,620 --> 00:28:42,630 to 25 years we expect to be low enough 1179 00:28:42,630 --> 00:28:44,690 to 25 years we expect to be low enough so that there's not enough power to keep 1180 00:28:44,690 --> 00:28:44,700 so that there's not enough power to keep 1181 00:28:44,700 --> 00:28:46,460 so that there's not enough power to keep the critical subsystems of the 1182 00:28:46,460 --> 00:28:46,470 the critical subsystems of the 1183 00:28:46,470 --> 00:28:49,550 the critical subsystems of the spacecraft operating or at about the 1184 00:28:49,550 --> 00:28:49,560 spacecraft operating or at about the 1185 00:28:49,560 --> 00:28:51,650 spacecraft operating or at about the same time we could possibly run out of 1186 00:28:51,650 --> 00:28:51,660 same time we could possibly run out of 1187 00:28:51,660 --> 00:28:53,960 same time we could possibly run out of attitude control fuel that's the fuel 1188 00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:53,970 attitude control fuel that's the fuel 1189 00:28:53,970 --> 00:28:55,460 attitude control fuel that's the fuel which goes to the little thrusters which 1190 00:28:55,460 --> 00:28:55,470 which goes to the little thrusters which 1191 00:28:55,470 --> 00:28:57,140 which goes to the little thrusters which keeps the spacecraft stabilized and 1192 00:28:57,140 --> 00:28:57,150 keeps the spacecraft stabilized and 1193 00:28:57,150 --> 00:28:59,480 keeps the spacecraft stabilized and pointed at the earth now between the 1194 00:28:59,480 --> 00:28:59,490 pointed at the earth now between the 1195 00:28:59,490 --> 00:29:01,910 pointed at the earth now between the stars is a dilute gas ionized gas 1196 00:29:01,910 --> 00:29:01,920 stars is a dilute gas ionized gas 1197 00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:04,070 stars is a dilute gas ionized gas filling interplay interstellar space 1198 00:29:04,070 --> 00:29:04,080 filling interplay interstellar space 1199 00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:05,690 filling interplay interstellar space it's called the interstellar medium 1200 00:29:05,690 --> 00:29:05,700 it's called the interstellar medium 1201 00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:08,060 it's called the interstellar medium each star blows a bubble in that 1202 00:29:08,060 --> 00:29:08,070 each star blows a bubble in that 1203 00:29:08,070 --> 00:29:11,150 each star blows a bubble in that interstellar gas our own Sun does that 1204 00:29:11,150 --> 00:29:11,160 interstellar gas our own Sun does that 1205 00:29:11,160 --> 00:29:13,130 interstellar gas our own Sun does that that bubble in the case of our Sun is 1206 00:29:13,130 --> 00:29:13,140 that bubble in the case of our Sun is 1207 00:29:13,140 --> 00:29:15,200 that bubble in the case of our Sun is called the heliosphere we don't know how 1208 00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:15,210 called the heliosphere we don't know how 1209 00:29:15,210 --> 00:29:17,660 called the heliosphere we don't know how large that bubble is it may be that the 1210 00:29:17,660 --> 00:29:17,670 large that bubble is it may be that the 1211 00:29:17,670 --> 00:29:19,160 large that bubble is it may be that the distance to the edge of the bubble 1212 00:29:19,160 --> 00:29:19,170 distance to the edge of the bubble 1213 00:29:19,170 --> 00:29:21,560 distance to the edge of the bubble called the heliopause is a hundred times 1214 00:29:21,560 --> 00:29:21,570 called the heliopause is a hundred times 1215 00:29:21,570 --> 00:29:23,300 called the heliopause is a hundred times the distance from the earth to the Sun 1216 00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:23,310 the distance from the earth to the Sun 1217 00:29:23,310 --> 00:29:24,950 the distance from the earth to the Sun that is three times further than it is 1218 00:29:24,950 --> 00:29:24,960 that is three times further than it is 1219 00:29:24,960 --> 00:29:29,210 that is three times further than it is out to Neptune in which case 25 years 1220 00:29:29,210 --> 00:29:29,220 out to Neptune in which case 25 years 1221 00:29:29,220 --> 00:29:31,460 out to Neptune in which case 25 years Voyager 1 which will at that point be a 1222 00:29:31,460 --> 00:29:31,470 Voyager 1 which will at that point be a 1223 00:29:31,470 --> 00:29:33,080 Voyager 1 which will at that point be a hundred and thirty times as far from the 1224 00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:33,090 hundred and thirty times as far from the 1225 00:29:33,090 --> 00:29:35,210 hundred and thirty times as far from the Sun as the earth could well be returning 1226 00:29:35,210 --> 00:29:35,220 Sun as the earth could well be returning 1227 00:29:35,220 --> 00:29:36,140 Sun as the earth could well be returning data from 1228 00:29:36,140 --> 00:29:36,150 data from 1229 00:29:36,150 --> 00:29:39,250 data from interstellar space for the first time 1230 00:29:39,250 --> 00:29:39,260 interstellar space for the first time 1231 00:29:39,260 --> 00:29:41,960 interstellar space for the first time there will be a part of earth which will 1232 00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:41,970 there will be a part of earth which will 1233 00:29:41,970 --> 00:29:44,540 there will be a part of earth which will roam essentially forever in the galaxy 1234 00:29:44,540 --> 00:29:44,550 roam essentially forever in the galaxy 1235 00:29:44,550 --> 00:29:52,920 roam essentially forever in the galaxy and that will be the Voyager spacecraft 1236 00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:52,930 1237 00:29:52,930 --> 00:30:44,159 you 1238 00:30:44,159 --> 00:30:44,169 1239 00:30:44,169 --> 00:30:58,240 you 1240 00:30:58,240 --> 00:30:58,250 1241 00:30:58,250 --> 00:31:00,310 you